BIOL 1030 Lecture Notes - Flowering Plant, Phloem, Lycopodiopsida

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apricototter843

7 May 2018

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 1030

Professor

All

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Lecture 24: Vascular Plants

Seedless vascular plant!

•Lycophytes (club ‘moss’)!

•Pterophytes (ferns)!

Seed plants!

•Gymnosperms (spruces)!

•Angiosperms (orchids)!

Main character traits of vascular plants

1. Life cycle with a dominant sporophyte processing!

•Evolution of plant organs!

-Organ systems: roots, structural; can grow bigger and further from water!

•Evolution of three tissue systems!

-Vascular tissue: xylem, phloem - transport!

-Ground tissue: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma !

-Dermal tissue: periderm, epidermis - act as protection!

2. Short lived gametophyte (thallus)!

•No roots, stems or leaves!

-No tissue systems, except parenchyma!

-Ferns: the gametophyte is independent of the sporophyte phase, are free-living!

-Seed Plants: gametophytes (micro- and mega-) are microscopic and nutritionally dependent

on the parent sporophyte!

Can you plant a Ferm from a seed? No, they are restricted to water for dispersal of eggs/sperm!

The sporophyte:

-Rhizome: underground stem!

-Start with leaf rolled up; separated into leaﬂets!

-Dots near the top of the leaf produce spores (the sorus, sori); sporangium and tine

gametophyte!

-The sporangium is split open to spread!

#Fern Life Cycles:!

Mature Fern Sporophyte

-Rhizome (underground stem) is produced by a Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM)!

-Leaves (above ground) are produced by a SAM, a compound leaf with a blade composed of

leaﬂets!

-Roots produced by the RAM, where each root has a RAM (root apical meristem)!

•Allowed anchorage, growing further from water!

•Root types, all with the same form and function:!

-Adventitious, any root originating from stem tissue!

-Lateral root, secondary root, originating from another root!

-Primary root, originating from the embryo!

1. produces sporangia; !

•occurring in clusters (sori), the annulus loses water, shrinks and ﬂings spores (opens

sporangium)!

•the sporophytes (2n) undergo meiosis to make spores (one type homosporous) and

introduce genetic variability!

2. Produces gametophyte phase:!

•Monoecious gametophytes (one house)!

-Both the sperm and eggs are produced by mitosis, on the same gametophyte (bisexual)

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Large Size, Stems, Roots, Leaves, Long lived, Spores

by meiosis, Cuticle

Tiny thallus, Short lived, Gametes by mitosis

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Document Summary

Seedless vascular plant: lycophytes (club moss", pterophytes (ferns) Main character traits of vascular plants: life cycle with a dominant sporophyte processing, evolution of plant organs. Organ systems: roots, structural; can grow bigger and further from water: evolution of three tissue systems. Dermal tissue: periderm, epidermis - act as protection. Ferns: the gametophyte is independent of the sporophyte phase, are free-living. Seed plants: gametophytes (micro- and mega-) are microscopic and nutritionally dependent on the parent sporophyte. Large size, stems, roots, leaves, long lived, spores by meiosis, cuticle. No, they are restricted to water for dispersal of eggs/sperm. Start with leaf rolled up; separated into lea ets. Dots near the top of the leaf produce spores (the sorus, sori); sporangium and tine gametophyte. The sporangium is split open to spread. Rhizome (underground stem) is produced by a shoot apical meristem (sam) Leaves (above ground) are produced by a sam, a compound leaf with a blade composed of lea ets.

Related Questions

Question 1

The key innovation that allowed for plant survival on land, seenin the first land plants and all others after, but not in thecharophytes, is

Question 1 options:

	fruit.
	vascular tissue.
	the seed.
	protection of the embryo.

Question 2

Which dramatic change in the alternation-of-generations lifecycle led to the protection of all phases of the life cycle and theformation of seeds?

Question 2 options:

	transition from a dominant gametophyte generation to a dominantsporophyte generation
	transition from a dominant sporophyte generation to a dominantgametophyte generation

Question 3

Which structure(s) allow the sporophyte of vascular plants to beprotected against drying out?

Question 3 options:

	the waxy covering of leaves, called the cuticle
	small openings in the leaves, called stomata
	guard cells that surround each stoma
	all of these structures protect the dominant sporophyte fromdrying out

Question 4

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

Question 4 options:

	because they are specialized for transporting water and organicnutrients
	because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue
	because they protect their embryo
	because they produce wind-blown spores

Question 5

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

Question 5 options:

	the generations are equally dominant
	the sporophyte
	the gametophyte
	there is no sporophyte generation in bryophytes

Question 6

Which of the bryophytes are typically low-lying, due mostly totheir need for moisture and lack of vascular tissue?

Question 6 options:

	the mosses
	the liverworts
	the hornworts
	all of the bryophytes are low-lying

Question 7

Which structure of the moss protects the embryo from dryingout?

Question 7 options:

	the archegonium
	the antheridium
	the sporangium
	the stalk

Question 8

Cooksonia were the first __________ plants; they hadwind-blown spores, __________, leaves, and roots.

Question 8 options:

	nonvascular; branches
	vascular; seeds
	nonvascular; seeds
	vascular; branches

Question 9

The roots of today's lycophytes are much like __________ were inearly vascular plants; the vascular tissue is __________.

Question 9 options:

	roots; centrally placed
	stems; centrally placed
	leaves; only found at the perimeter
	branches; only found at the perimeter

Question 10

Pteridophytes, or ferns and their allies, are __________vascular plants with __________.

Question 10 options:

	seed-producing; microphylls
	seedless; microphylls
	seedless; megaphylls
	seed-producing; megaphylls

Question 11

Microphylls __________. Megaphylls__________.

Question 11 options:

	are found in all vascular plants; are only found in thelycophytes
	are broad leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have several strands vascular tissue
	are broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue
	are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; arebroad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

Question 12

The fern life cycle

Question 12 options:

	all of these choices accurately describe the fern lifecycle.
	is dependent on external water.
	relies on the wind to disperse the spores.
	produces a gametophyte that lacks vascular tissue.

Question 13

Seed plants use meiosis to produce

Question 13 options:

	spores and pollen.
	seeds and fruit.
	pollen and seeds.
	microspores and megaspores.

Question 14

In seed plants, a microspore develops into

Question 14 options:

	an egg.
	a pollen grain.
	a sporophyte.
	All of these answers correctly complete this sentence.

Question 15

Within the angiosperms, or ___________, two groups exist. Theyare named for their __________.

Question 15 options:

	vascular plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	nonvascular plants; leaf type
	flowering plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	fungi; leaf type

Question 16

The __________ parts of a flower are the stamens, each of whichhas two parts: the anther and the filament. The __________ parts ofa flower are the carpel, which has three major regions: the stigma,the style, and the __________.

Question 16 options:

	female; male; ovary
	male; female; sepals
	female; male; sepals
	male; female; ovary

Question 17

Double fertilization during the angiosperm life cycle involvestwo sperm, one of which __________, while the other __________.

Question 17 options:

	fertilizes the egg to form a zygote; produces the endospermnucleus, which will develop into food for the developing plant
	is a mature male gametophyte; is an immature malegametophyte
	lands on the carpel of the plant; is usually blown away in thewind
	develops into the seed; develops into the fruit that surroundsthe seeds

Question 18

The bodies of most fungi are made up of a network of filamentscalled hyphae.

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19

What is the difference between land fungi and the chytrids?

Question 19 options:

	Land fungi are motile and have flagella at all stages of theirlife cycle. The chytrids do not have flagella.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stageof their life cycle. The chytrids have flagellated spores andgametes.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and only have flagellated spores. Thechytrids have flagellated spores and gametes.
	Both are motile for part of their life cycle. Land fungi aremotile as gametes. Chytrids are motile as spores.

Question 20

The vast majority of described species of fungi are __________fungi, which include unicellular __________, which reproducesexually once their food supply runs out. When yeast ferment, theyproduce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 20 options:

	zygospore; black bread molds
	club; mushroom
	sac; yeast
	mutualistic; lichen

yellowmuskrat453

1. Select the true statements concerning tracheids.

	Tracheids are responsible foranchoring the plant to a substrate.
	Pterophytes lack tracheids but haveeuphylls.
	Without tracheids colonization ofland would not have been possible.
	All of the large dominant extantland plants are tracheophytes.
	Tracheids allow for efficienttransport of water over longer distances.