BIOL150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Charophyceae, Meiosis, Sphagnum

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pucegoldfish650

8 Feb 2016

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL150

Professor

Dragana Miskovic

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Document Summary

The most familiar bryophytes are the mosses which often grow in moist environments such as forests and wetlands but are also found in dry regions such as tundra. The most common bryophytes are the members of the moss genus sphagnum which lives in bogs. Bryophytes were among the first land plants and have many similarities to green algae. Sphagnum moss absorbs 10 to 20 times its dry weight in moisture making it useful as a soil amendment to increase organic material and water retention. Land plants first occur in the fossil record around 450 million years ago and bryophytes evolved about the same time as the amphibious animals. Bryophytes most commonly live in most areas such as bogs and their sperm requires free water for swimming to the egg.

Related Questions

33. Why do peat moss bogs preserve the bodies of people who were tossed into them many thousand years ago so miraculously? .............................................................................................................................................

34. Why are the cells of bryophytes better suited for dehydration/rehydration than those of higher plant?

35. Why are the bodies of bryophytes better suited for dehydration/rehydration than those of higher plant?

36. Which fact changed the view that higher plants evolved from lower plants like bryophytes?

37. Poikilohydric plants are plants that ............................................ ..............................................................................................

38. Name three features that support the hypothesis that mosses or bryophytes descended from green algae!

39. Name three so-called mosses and point out why they are misnomers!

40. Although both algae and mosses are well adapted to survive severe dehydration for extended periods, they differ in the mechanisms of how this feature is achieved. While algae store water for extended periods in the ............................................ of their cell walls, bryophytes use .......................................................... situated .................................................... to achieve the same goal.

41. Name the two plants (genus suffices) that are directly known as âresurrection plantsâ.

42. Name the areas where bryophytes establish the dominant vegetation!

43. The Pteridophyta or fern group is a division of plants that in addition to the true ferns includes the classes ........................... , ..............................., ..........................., ................................., ......................................

44. The first forests on earth were neither conifer nor hardwood forests, the were made of members of the ........................... A famous tree was Calamites belonging to the Pterodphyte class of ............................................., A famous tree was Lepidodendron belonging to the Pterodphyte class of .............................................,

45. The phylogenetically oldest pteridophytes are the .................................. . These plants consist of a .......................... as the only organ in addition to attached sporangia.

indigodolphin727

QUESTION 3

Wild cherry (Prunus avium) is a tree that is native toEurope and parts of Asia and Africa. It has been widely cultivatedby humans for its fruit, which are also attractive to birds. Basedon this information, wild cherry is most closely related to whichof the following plants?

		liverworts
		mosses
		pine trees
		roses

10 points

QUESTION 4

Modern evidence for the first major explosion of land plants canbe seen in the

		rich carboniferous coal deposits
		sphagnum peat bogs
		oxygen content of the atmosphere
		increases in carbon dioxide emissions

10 points

QUESTION 5

Glittering wood-moss (Hylocomium splendens) is aspecies of moss that can be found in Alaska and Canada. Based onwhat you know about mosses, what is NOT true of the female gametesof glittering wood-moss?

		They are haploid.
		They lack flagella.
		They are produced when the gametophyte undergoes meiosis
		They are housed in archegonia

10 points

QUESTION 6

While conducting a plant diversity survey in a temperaterainforest in Washington State, you come across a number ofindividuals of a low-lying plant species. Back at the lab, testsindicate that the majority of the plant material is haploid. Theplant you discovered is likely most closely related to

		complex streptophyte algae
		sphagnum moss
		conifers
		roses

Question 1

The key innovation that allowed for plant survival on land, seenin the first land plants and all others after, but not in thecharophytes, is

Question 1 options:

	fruit.
	vascular tissue.
	the seed.
	protection of the embryo.

Question 2

Which dramatic change in the alternation-of-generations lifecycle led to the protection of all phases of the life cycle and theformation of seeds?

Question 2 options:

	transition from a dominant gametophyte generation to a dominantsporophyte generation
	transition from a dominant sporophyte generation to a dominantgametophyte generation

Question 3

Which structure(s) allow the sporophyte of vascular plants to beprotected against drying out?

Question 3 options:

	the waxy covering of leaves, called the cuticle
	small openings in the leaves, called stomata
	guard cells that surround each stoma
	all of these structures protect the dominant sporophyte fromdrying out

Question 4

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

Question 4 options:

	because they are specialized for transporting water and organicnutrients
	because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue
	because they protect their embryo
	because they produce wind-blown spores

Question 5

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

Question 5 options:

	the generations are equally dominant
	the sporophyte
	the gametophyte
	there is no sporophyte generation in bryophytes

Question 6

Which of the bryophytes are typically low-lying, due mostly totheir need for moisture and lack of vascular tissue?

Question 6 options:

	the mosses
	the liverworts
	the hornworts
	all of the bryophytes are low-lying

Question 7

Which structure of the moss protects the embryo from dryingout?

Question 7 options:

	the archegonium
	the antheridium
	the sporangium
	the stalk

Question 8

Cooksonia were the first __________ plants; they hadwind-blown spores, __________, leaves, and roots.

Question 8 options:

	nonvascular; branches
	vascular; seeds
	nonvascular; seeds
	vascular; branches

Question 9

The roots of today's lycophytes are much like __________ were inearly vascular plants; the vascular tissue is __________.

Question 9 options:

	roots; centrally placed
	stems; centrally placed
	leaves; only found at the perimeter
	branches; only found at the perimeter

Question 10

Pteridophytes, or ferns and their allies, are __________vascular plants with __________.

Question 10 options:

	seed-producing; microphylls
	seedless; microphylls
	seedless; megaphylls
	seed-producing; megaphylls

Question 11

Microphylls __________. Megaphylls__________.

Question 11 options:

	are found in all vascular plants; are only found in thelycophytes
	are broad leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have several strands vascular tissue
	are broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue
	are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; arebroad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

Question 12

The fern life cycle

Question 12 options:

	all of these choices accurately describe the fern lifecycle.
	is dependent on external water.
	relies on the wind to disperse the spores.
	produces a gametophyte that lacks vascular tissue.

Question 13

Seed plants use meiosis to produce

Question 13 options:

	spores and pollen.
	seeds and fruit.
	pollen and seeds.
	microspores and megaspores.

Question 14

In seed plants, a microspore develops into

Question 14 options:

	an egg.
	a pollen grain.
	a sporophyte.
	All of these answers correctly complete this sentence.

Question 15

Within the angiosperms, or ___________, two groups exist. Theyare named for their __________.

Question 15 options:

	vascular plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	nonvascular plants; leaf type
	flowering plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	fungi; leaf type

Question 16

The __________ parts of a flower are the stamens, each of whichhas two parts: the anther and the filament. The __________ parts ofa flower are the carpel, which has three major regions: the stigma,the style, and the __________.

Question 16 options:

	female; male; ovary
	male; female; sepals
	female; male; sepals
	male; female; ovary

Question 17

Double fertilization during the angiosperm life cycle involvestwo sperm, one of which __________, while the other __________.

Question 17 options:

	fertilizes the egg to form a zygote; produces the endospermnucleus, which will develop into food for the developing plant
	is a mature male gametophyte; is an immature malegametophyte
	lands on the carpel of the plant; is usually blown away in thewind
	develops into the seed; develops into the fruit that surroundsthe seeds

Question 18

The bodies of most fungi are made up of a network of filamentscalled hyphae.

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19

What is the difference between land fungi and the chytrids?

Question 19 options:

	Land fungi are motile and have flagella at all stages of theirlife cycle. The chytrids do not have flagella.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stageof their life cycle. The chytrids have flagellated spores andgametes.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and only have flagellated spores. Thechytrids have flagellated spores and gametes.
	Both are motile for part of their life cycle. Land fungi aremotile as gametes. Chytrids are motile as spores.

Question 20

The vast majority of described species of fungi are __________fungi, which include unicellular __________, which reproducesexually once their food supply runs out. When yeast ferment, theyproduce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 20 options:

	zygospore; black bread molds
	club; mushroom
	sac; yeast
	mutualistic; lichen

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BIOL150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Charophyceae, Meiosis, Sphagnum

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