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BIOL240 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Nitrocellulose, Useless Machine, Glutaraldehyde

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greycat684
6 Feb 2016
School
University of Waterloo
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL240
Professor
Josh Neufeld

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Document Summary

Metabolic diversity: result of 4 billion years of evolution, if there is a niche to exploit, microbes have adapted to exploit it, limited only by constraints of chemistry and physics. Cell metabolism: catabolism: releases, anabolism: consumes. Required by all cells to build macronutrients. C, n, p, s, o: micronutrients. Includes fe, cu, na, mg, mn, and others. Fundamentals of nutrition: 1) energy source. For oxidation, providing electrons for the etc: 2) carbon source, light (photosynthetic) Ii) chemical (organic or inorganic: organo: glucose, acetate, litho: h2, nh3, s0, no2. For cell maintenance and division: fixed organic (c-c) bonds, heterotroph. Energy from light captured by pigments anoxygenic. Carbon sources: carbon is a major requirement for all organisms. Autotrophs: primary producers , fix c directly from co2. Acquisition of nitrogen: use org. molecules produced by autotrophs, microbes must be able to incorporate nitrogen into a usable form, critical to making numerous macromolecules.

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Related Questions

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. “sticky appendages” thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

· Question 35

0 out of 2 points

Why is it so difficult to design a vaccine against HIV?

· Question 37

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer ?

· Question 39

2 out of 2 points

Cancer could be caused by _________.

· Question 41

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Tumor-suppressor genes _____.

· Question 43

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The example of a chromosomal rearrangement that resulted in a ligand-independent form of the EGF receptor results in tumor formation. The gene that encodes the EGF receptor would be classified as?

· Question 44

0 out of 2 points

Cancer can arise from (select all that apply):
1 Gain-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
2 Loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
3 Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes
4 Loss-of-function mutations in oncogenes
5 Loss-of-function mutations in DNA repair genes

· Question 45

2 out of 2 points

Which statement about the Rb tumor suppressor protein is NOT true?

· Question 46

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What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

· Question 47

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Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

· Question 48

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Gene therapy requires__________.

· Question 49

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Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because_________.

· Question 50

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Genetically engineered plants ________.

· Question 51

2 out of 2 points

How old is the earth thought to be based on radiometric measurements?

· Question 52

2 out of 2 points

Different cell organelles differ from each other in terms of their molecular components and structure. For example, lysosomes are packed with digestive enzymes and function in the degradation or turnover of cellular components. How are lysosomes populated with the digestive enzymes?

· Question 53

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Animal cells are protected from their environment by a thin plasma membrane. The membrane must be strong to be protective. What holds the plasma membrane together?

· Question 54

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Your lungs and respiratory tract are cleared of particles that you breathe in, such as pollen or other air borne particulates, by the waving motion of cilia lining your respiratory tract. What are the underlying subcellular structures or processes that sponsors this movement in cilia?

· Question 55

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What are examples of a cellular oxidation reactions?

· Question 56

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Enzyme catalyzed reactions

· Question 57

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What metabolite is formed in the terminal step of glycolysis that is taken up my mitochondria?

· Question 58

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The ultimate electron acceptor in cellular respiration is _______________, while the ultimate electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis is ___________________.

· Question 59

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According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the energy from electron transport in mitochondria

· Question 60

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Less energy is derived from the fermentation of glucose than from its breakdown by cellular respiration because there is less free energy difference between glucose and the products of fermentation.

· Question 61

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Grocery products list the fat and saturated fat content on most processed foods. Saturated fats are thought to be more of problem to human health than unsaturated fats because saturated fats ………

· Question 62

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While wading in swallow seawater, you found a jellyfish, picked it up, rinsed it off and put it in a bucket of tap water. What is likely to happen to cells of the jellyfish?

· Question 63

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Glucose is one of the important nutrients in meeting the energy needs for the cells in your body. One means by which glucose is taken up by cells is through facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, glucose is taken up …

· Question 64

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If eukaryotic cells didn’t have internal organelles, how would they likely differ?

· Question 65

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What is the relationship between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus?

· Question 66

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About how many ribosomes might be found in a typical animal cell?

· Question 67

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Some large molecules, such as proteins, are synthesized in the cytoplasm but are required for functions in the nucleus. How do large molecules, such as proteins get into the nucleus?

· Question 68

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The free energy change (ΔG) for synthesis of ATP is +7.3 kilocalories/mole and ΔG for the breakdown of glucose is -686 kilocalories/mole. If ~29 ATP molecules are formed from each glucose molecule during cellular respiration, then about how efficient is cell respiration converting the energy from glucose into ATP?

· Question 69

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Photosynthesis produces most all the oxygen in the air we breathe. Where does oxygen come from in photosynthesis?

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Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble hormones and their cell receptors ….

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If not all the nuclear DNA in a cell is synthesized during S phase in the cell cycle, then what is to prevent the cell from dividing?

· Question 72

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In what direction are DNA strands synthesized?

· Question 73

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Replication of your DNA has to be a very faithful to maintain the integrity of your genome. DNA polymerase inserts an incorrect deoxyribonucleotide every 100, 000 bases.

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RNA synthesis and processing differs somewhat between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Translation in prokaryotes

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Which of the following processes are important for normal development?

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Within an organism, what makes one cell type different from another?

· Question 78

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What makes each insect body segment different from another?

· Question 79

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Which of the following molecules, structures or organelles is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

· Question 80

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Which answer below places molecules or subcellular structures in the correct order by size, from smallest to largest?

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Which statement is correct concerning stem cells in animals and meristems in plants?

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Cell differentiation always involves _____.

· Question 83

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Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?

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Which of the following properties describes the importance of epithelia in maintaining homeostasis?

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Which of the following most accurately describe the concept of “pattern formation” during embryogenesis?

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Based on the figure above, showing hemoglobin saturation curves under (A) normal CO2 and (B) elevated CO2 concentrations, which of the following conclusions is true?

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Which of the following does NOT require hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

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Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

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Which observation is evidence for genetic equivalence in plants or animals?

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What is the relationship between the endosperm of corn and the cotyledons of beans?

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Which factor contributes to driving the flow of water through xylem?

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According to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, _____.

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A bicoid
loss-of-function mutant lacks a head while injection of normal Bicoid+
mRNA into the posterior end of an oocyte produces embryos with 2 heads. This indicates that the normal Bicoid+ gene function is

· Question 94

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A molecule that during development provides positional information via a concentration gradient is known as a

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· Question 96

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An advantage of cross-pollination is that _____.

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· Question 98

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Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction in most vertebrates?

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Embryonic stem cells have advantages for research and possible therapeutic applications because

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Plant development is different from animals because plant development