PLAN300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: World Health Organization, City Beautiful Movement, Quantitative Revolution
9 Dec 2017
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Document Summary
Systems thinking: a shift in thinking from part" to whole", universe, body, ecosystem, city, complex whole. General systems theory (1960s: systems exist in all areas of human and natural environment, differences between closed (machine) and open (human/natural) systems, system can be controlled through regulating communication between various parts, anti-reductionist. To be classified as a system, it has to have on of all these 8 parts: self-organizing, arose spontaneously from within, constantly changing, adjust and readjust over time, tightly linked, high degree of connectivity, governed by feedback. +/- reponses may alter effects: non-linear, no input-output line, history dependent, short-term effects and long-term outcomes, counter-intuitive, cause and effect over time, resistant to change, solutions may worsen or fail. Example of a system: body, city, cooking, systems on earth. Recap: general systems theory: mid 1900s to articulate importance of whole" as opposed to the individual parts of organism/phenomenon/system, non-reductionist.
