ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Government Budget Balance, Real Interest Rate, Loanable Funds

37 views3 pages

Verified Note

ceriserabbit909

29 Mar 2020

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

ECON 102 verified notes

24/27View all

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Real Interest Rate, Nominal Interest Rate, Loanable Funds

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Government Budget Balance, Real Interest Rate, Loanable Funds

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Trade Restriction, Comparative Advantage, International Trade

Document Summary

The tendency for a government budget deficit to raise the real interest rate and decrease investment. Does not decrease investment by the full-amount of the government budget deficit because a higher real interest rate induces an increase in private saving that partly contributes toward financing the deficit: the ricardo-barro effect. Taxpayers are rational and can see that a budget deficit today means that future disposable incomes, saving increases today. The private supply of loanable funds increases to match the quantity of loanable funds demanded by the government. The budget deficit has no effect on either the real interest rate or investment. U. s. high-grade companies sold almost trillion of bonds in the first half of 2017. Tesla inc. , an unprofitable electric carmaker, sold . 8 billion in bonds at a low interest rate of. American businesses had issued a record volume of risky (junk) bonds at an average interest rate of 5. 8 percent.

Related Questions

27.Individuals with low incomes probably

a. pay no Social Security tax

b. pay more Social Security tax than income tax

c. pay less Social Security tax than personal income tax

d. pay no taxes at all

e. are avoiding most of their tax payments

28. Which of the following is true?

a. The federal budget deficit is a flow and so is the national debt.

b. The national debt is both a stock and a flow.

c. The federal budget deficit is a stock and the national debt is a flow.

d. The federal budget deficit is a flow and the national debt is a stock.

e. The federal budget deficit is stock and so is the national debt.

30. When the U.S. government runs a deficit, it usually does the following:

a. it buys government bonds from the public

b. it asks the Treasury Department to print money to pay for the deficit

c. it sells new government bonds to the public

d. it borrows money directly from the Federal Reserve

e. it asks the Federal Reserve to print money to pay for the deficit

32. Under what condition can the U.S. government continue to pay interest on a rising debt without eventually needing to increase the average tax rate?

a. if the national debt grows at the same rate as nominal GDP

b. if the nominal interest on the national debt grows faster than nominal GDP

c. if the total interest payments on the national debt grow faster than nominal GDP

d. if the national debt grows faster than nominal GDP

e. if the real interest on the national debt grows faster than real GDP

34.The national debt

a. will be zero when the federal budget is balanced.

b. has been shrinking in the last 30 years.

c. is equal to the governmentâs budget deficit.

d. can grow without negative economic effects.

36.In the long run,

a. an increase in the federal budget deficit can lower the interest rate and investment spending.

b. an increase in the federal budget deficit can raise the interest rate and investment spending.

c. a decrease in the federal budget deficit can lower the interest rate and raise investment spending.

d. a decrease in the federal budget deficit can raise the interest rate and lower investment spending.

44. If the Fed conducts open market purchases (of bonds), we should expect to see the money supply

a. decrease, the interest rate increase, autonomous consumption decrease, business investment decrease, and real GDP decrease

b. increase, the interest rate decrease, autonomous consumption decrease, business investment decrease, and real GDP decrease

c. increase, the interest rate decrease, autonomous consumption increase, business investment increase, and real GDP increase

d. decrease, the interest rate decrease, autonomous consumption increase, business investment increase, and real GDP decrease

e. decrease, the interest rate increase, autonomous consumption increase, business investment increase, and real GDP increase

48. In the classical model the interest rate is determined in the money market; in the short-run macro model, the interest rate is determined in the market for loanable funds.

a. true

b. false

yellowreindeer970

Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) allow people to shelter some of their income from taxation. Suppose the maximum annual contribution to such accounts is $5,000 per person. Now suppose there is a decrease in the maximum contribution, from $5,000 to $3,000 per year. Shift the appropriate curve on the graph to reflect this change. This change in the tax treatment of interest income from saving causes the equilibrium interest rate in the market for loanable funds to (rise, fall) and the level of investment spending to (decrease, increase). An investment tax credit effectively lowers the tax bill of any firm that purchases new capital in the relevant time period. Suppose the government repeals a previously existing investment tax credit. Shift the appropriate curve on the graph to reflect this change. The repeal of the previously existing tax credit causes the interest rate to (rise,fall) and the level of saving to (rise, fall). Initially, the government's budget is balanced, then the government significantly increases spending on national defense without changing taxes. This change in spending causes the government to run a budget (deficit, surplus), which (increases, decreases)national saving. Shift the appropriate curve on the graph to reflect this change. This causes the interest rate to (fall, rise), (crowding out, increasing) the level of investment spending.

blushfox941

1. Why Niall Ferguson thought that the expansionary fiscal policy (or government deficit) could produce crowding-out effect? You can explain by using the IS-LM model or you can use the logic of loanable funds theory.

Niall Ferguson believed that expansionary fiscal policy could produce a crowding-out effect. Ferguson believed that if the government tried to increase demand during the crisis it would cause the real interest rate to increase. He theorized that if the government tried to boost the economy through deficit spending it would cause the interest rate to rise, which in turn would crowd-out investors and consumers. The interest in the deficit would lead to an increase in the demand for loanable funds, which would lead to an increase in interest rates. Ferguson stated "The lesson of economic growth is very clear. Economic growth does not come from state-led infrastructure investment. It comes from technological innovation, and gains in productivity, and these things come from private sector, not from the state."

2. Why Paul Krugman thinks that Niall Ferguson was wrong and thought that government deficit could not produce a crowding-out effect? In other words, please explain Krugman's Liquidity trap .

Paul Krugman disagreed with Ferguson and believed that the government deficit could not produce a crowding out effect. Krugman's liquidity trap: Private demand is so low that even if the short-term interest rate is 0% spending is less that what is needed for full employment. Normal monetary policy of the central bank purchasing short-term debts with new money is ineffective. Krugman argues that a major issue during the crisis was people wanting to save money combined with the private sector being far less likely to invest. He referred to this a "savings glut". It was argued that the federal reserve was playing the part that the private banking system through buying private securities and the federal government was playing the roll that business wasn't by engaging in investment. Due to the liquidity trap excess demand for savings is not going to drive interest rates up. Krugman stated " Government borrowing gives some of those excess saving a place to go and in the process expands overall demand, and hence GDP. It does not crowd out private spending, at least not until the excess supply of savings has been sopped up, which is the same thing as saying not until the economy has escaped from the liquidity trap."

3. In the discussion, other discussants such as George Soros and Robin Wells pointed out some interesting issues. Please provide at least one thing that you agree and one thing that you disagree. Discuss in details why you think so.

I agree with Soros view that the publics view of the financial markets has been forever changed. " Financial markets namely that they tend toward equilibrium, and that equilibrium is disturbed by extraneous forces, outside shocks. But the finical system collapsed of its own weight." I feel like this is a situation in which it takes a very long time to build trust, but that trust can be lost instantly. The crash has challenged the felling of security that people once felt in the banking system. The idea of the market regulating itself is fading, it wasn't until the government stepped that people felt reassured in the banking system. I believe this will lead to a period of government regulation that wouldn't have arose without this change in view. I disagree with robin Wells' view that the US needs to shift towards protectionism. I believe that free trade is good for everyone as long as there is a comparative advantage. If the US moves toward protections as a result of the deficit it will slow economic growth and place us at a disadvantage compared to countries with free trade. Not to mention consumers in the US will be placed with the burden of higher prices on goods.

Please make comments to the discussion I provided above(at least 300 words). And you can start with "I agree with you on some points... But I disagree with you on some points".

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Government Budget Balance, Real Interest Rate, Loanable Funds

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Real Interest Rate, Nominal Interest Rate, Loanable Funds

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Government Budget Balance, Real Interest Rate, Loanable Funds

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Trade Restriction, Comparative Advantage, International Trade

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

ECON 102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 26: Real Interest Rate, Loanable Funds, Demand Curve

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Autonomous Consumption, Real Interest Rate, Aggregate Demand

ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Laffer Curve, Fiscal Policy, Transfer Payment

Related Questions