PHIL 202-3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Avignon Papacy, Summa Theologica, Pope Urban Ii
PHIL 202
Ch. 4 Christian Traditions (pt. 2)
Medieval Christianity
Decline and Expansion
• Conflict with Islam
• By 1350, most of Europe had converted to Christianity
The Crusades
• 1095 Pope Urban II
o Wated to lierate the holy plaes fro the Muslis i Palestine
Punishing Heresy
• Excommunication: exclusion from the Church
• Inquisitions: confiscation of goods, imprisonment, execution
The Development of Papal Authority
• Innocent III (c. 1160–1216 CE)
o Asserted power of papal authority over secular rulers
• Boniface VIII (1235–1303 CE)
o Necessary for salvation to be subject to Roman Pontiff
• The Avignon Papacy
o Clement V moved the papacy to France in 1305
o Gregory XI moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377
Scholasticism
• Tried to reconcile philosophy with theology
• Anselm: Faith itself has rationality
o Move away from the principle of scriptural authority
o I eliee so that I ay uderstad
• Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologiae
o Existence of God can be proven by logic
Mysticism
• Emphasizes the certainty of profound personal experience
• Sense of unity and ecstasy
• Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)
• Catherine of Siena (1347–80; 1333–80)
o Involved in religious politics and had mystical visions (Dialogue)
• Julian of Norwich (c. 1342–c. 1413)
o Eil as a distortio that reealed God’s love
o Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love
Monastic Orders
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• Highly structured
• Usually required to take vows
o Poverty, chastity, obedience
Moastic Orders, cot’d
• Cluniac Fathers
o Revitalization and renewal movement
• Cistercians
o Simplicity
o The Trappists
o Knights Templar
• Carthusians
o Vow of silence
Mendicant Orders
• Franciscans
o Francis of Assisi (1182–1226)
o Emphasize poverty
• Dominicans
o Itinerant preachers of doctrine
• Carmelites
o White Friars
Women in Medieval Catholicism
• The Vita Canonica
o Organized religious life
o Rules (canons)
• Nuns
o Vows of poverty, continence, and obedience
o Formal consecration: Bride of Christ
o Abbesses: presided over the community
o Cloister: complete removal from society
Saints
Sainthood
• Performance of attested miracles
• Individuals thought to possess a special merit or virtue
• The Virgin Mary
o Share in redeeming work
• Intercessor
Worship in the Medieval Church
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• Transition from vernacular to Latin
• Separation between priests and laity
• More complex musical forms
The Early Modern Era
Humanism
• Emphasis on life and beauty
• Capability of humanity to govern itself
• Conflict with Church hierarchy
• Erasmus (1466–1536)
o Critical of Church corruption
o Demanded new standards of theology
• Based on new translations of original sources
The Protestant Reformation
• The Continental Reformation
o The combination of a changing intellectual world, dissatisfaction with the
Church, and direct access to scripture for ordinary people set the stage for the
Reformation
Martin Luther (1483–1546)
• October 1517: 95 Theses
• Theological issue with salvation as preached by the Church
o He argued for justification through faith and grace alone
John Calvin (1509–1564)
• Second stage of the Reformation
• The Genevan reformation
• Predestination
o Focus on the omnipotence of God
Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531)
• The Swiss reformation
• Gospel is the sole basis of truth
o Rejected authority of the Pope
• Eucharist is only symbolic
Sixteenth-Century Denominations
• Lutherans: Germany and Scandinavia
o Authority of scripture, guidance of the Holy Spirit
• Reformed Churches
o Calvinist churches in the Netherlands and Hungary
o Presbyterian in England
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