BIO 3124 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Bacteria, Archaea, Mycobacterium

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18 Jan 2018

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All organisms originate from the progenote (common ancestor) Organisms derived from the progenote are grouped into 3 domains or 6 kingdoms. Nb: all domains have microorganisms (achaeabacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi) Basic taxonomic unit which represents a speci c type of organism. Reproductive compatibility is the fundamental de nition for organisms that reproduce sexually. This cannot be applied to several microbial species that do not reproduce sexually (ex. bacteria) Nb: not all microorganisms reproduce asexually (ex. yeast can reproduce sexually and asexually) and not all macro organisms reproduce sexually (ex. plants can reproduce asexually - no exchange of genetic information) Species: a set of microbial strains that share several characteristics which are signi cantly different from other sets of strains. Species are identi ed by comparisons with known standard reference strains. Strain: population of microbes resulting from a unique individual or a pure culture. Different strains represent genetic variations of the same species (ex.

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Receptor tyrosine kinases (you may want to review this family of receptors) have a ligan-binding domain on the outside of a cell and a kinase domain on the inside of the cell. Select all tru statements:

1.Antibodies can be used to block the ligand-binding domain

2.Antibodies can be used to block the activity of the kinase domain

3.ATP and its analogs bind the kinase domain

4.The signal (ligand binding) is often transduced through dimerization of the receptor

5.Upon ligand binding the receptors localize to the nucleus to change gene expression

6.Because they have extracellular domains, hydrophilic drugs can easily target these receptors

NOTE: This lab assignment has questions related to binomial nomenclature. Please note that the assessment system does not accept formatted text, so you will need to indicate any italicized words by adding âITâ in parentheses after each word that is to be written in italics, (IT). For example, the common fruit fly is genus Drosphila and species melanogaster. When written, it is Drosophila melanogaster. From this example, the correct way to represent the italicized words is by typing, Drosphila (IT) melanogaster (IT).

Record the classes for each of the following arthropods, as determined from the dichotomous key (16 points): Organism 1 (Spider) Organism 2 (Bee) Organism 3 (Beetle) Organism 4 (Blue crab) Organism 5 (Crayfish) Organism 6 (Tick) Organism 7 (Fiddler crab) Organism 8 (Centipede) Organism 9 (Shrimp) Organism 10 (Millipede) Organism 11 (Wasp) Organism 12 (Grasshopper) Organism 13 (Horseshoe Crab) Organism 14 (Mole Crab) Organism 15 (Scorpion) Organism 16 (Squilla) Provide the family name for each shark based on the use of the dichotomous key provided (14 points): Shark 1 Shark 2 Shark 3 Shark 4 Shark 5 Shark 6 Shark 7 Shark 8 Shark 9 Shark 10 Shark 11 Shark 12 Shark 13 Shark 14 Submit the dichotomous key for the "imaginary" animals. (10 points) When might a prepared key be used to identify biological organisms? (5 points) Why are there only two choices for each step in the dichotomous key? (3 points) Why are observation skills important when working with dichotomous keys? (5 points) List the domain, kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, and species of humans. (9 points) domain kingdom phylum subphylum class order family genus species What is the scientific name for humans? (4 points) It is estimated that there are more than 1 million species of insects on this planet. Based on this and information gained from this laboratory, what phylum most likely comprises over 90% of the Earth's species? Briefly justify your answer. (4 points) Scorpions and spiders both belong to the same class called Arachnida. Birds and fish both belong to the phylum Chordata. Which two organisms are more closely related? Explain why. (5 points) Using the evolutionary distances from the protein sequences activity (Step 4 of the procedures), fill in the diagram below. The letters should correspond with the sequence numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). (5 points) A B C D E

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Yellow seeds on a pea plant are an example of a/an ______.

Question 40 options:

element.

2)	phenotype.

3)	environmental factor.

genotype.

allele.

A plant that produces white flowers is crossed to a plant that produces orange flowers. All of the offspring produced white flowers. What can you conclude?

Question 41 options:

1)	Orange flower color is the dominant phenotype.

2)	White flower color is the dominant phenotype.

3)	The genes for flower color do not assort independently.

4)	The genes for flower color are on separate chromosomes.

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Question 42 (1 point)

What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?

Question 42 options:

Proteins

Enzymes

Cells

4)	Nucleotides

5)	Chromatids

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Question 43 (1 point)

Many modern-day trees are tall because ______.

Question 43 options:

1)	it is easier for tall tress to obtain water.

2)	tall tress obtain more sunlight, so they produce more offspring than short trees.

3)	tall trees offer less wind resistance.

4)	tall trees are less affected by disease.

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Question 44 (1 point)

An organismâs phenotype includes ______.

Question 44 options:

1)	its physical characteristics.

2)	its behavior.

3)	none of the above.

4)	both A and B.

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Question 45 (1 point)

Which of these is a correct order of taxonomic categories from less specific to more specific?

Question 45 options:

1)	Kingdom domain phylum order class family genus

2)	Domain phylum kingdom order class family genus

3)	Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus

4)	Domain kingdom class phylum order family genus

5)	Kingdom domain phylum class family order genus

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Question 46 (1 point)

In the scientific name of humans, Homo sapiens, the name âsapiensâ is the ______.

Question 46 options:

class.

species.

genus.

order.

family.

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Question 47 (1 point)

Cells occur singly and have a nucleus and other organelles, including chloroplasts. These cells move with flagella. They are ______.

Question 47 options:

bacteria.

protists.

archaea.

fungi.

5)	two of these are possible.

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Question 48 (1 point)

Cilia are ______.

Question 48 options:

1)	the cytoplasmic extensions or false feet used by some cell types for locomotion.

2)	different kinds of cells each designed to perform a different function.

3)	the circular chromosomes of bacteria.

4)	many short hair-like cellular extensions found on the surface of some protists.

5)	a few long whip-like extensions, used by protists for locomotion.

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Question 49 (1 point)

The state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes is called ______.

Question 49 options:

1)	autosomal.

dominant.

3)	polyploidy.

4)	aneuploidy.

5)	nondisjunction.

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Question 50 (1 point)

Which of the following occurs in mitosis but NOT in meiosis?

Question 50 options:

1)	Cells genetically identical to parents are made.

2)	Crossing over.

3)	Independent assortment of chromosomes.

4)	Pairing up of similar chromosomes during prophase.

Yellow seeds on a pea plant are an example of a/an ______.

Question 40 options:

element.

2)	phenotype.

3)	environmental factor.

genotype.

allele.

BIO 3124 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Bacteria, Archaea, Mycobacterium

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