BPS 1101 Lecture Notes - Pharmaceutical Industry, Health Canada, Human Brain
22 Jan 2018
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BPS 1101
The web can be good or bad
▪ Lots of misleading information
▪ The most reliable information on the web is from Pharmaceutical company
websites because they are regulated
▪ Government websites for example: Health Canada, FDA
▪ University websites
▪ Scientific journals: Each discipline has its unwritten rules.
▪ Wikipedia generally provides good information but experts do not always
write the pages.
▪ Always check the references.
Science vs Magic
Science:
1. Collects facts
2. Draws conclusions based on those facts.
3. Test your conclusions in several ways.
Magic:
1. Draw the conclusions you want.
2. Find some facts to fit those conclusions.
3. Avoid testing or challenging your conclusions.
▪ The human brain’s default mode is magic.
▪ We are convinced we are right.
▪ This is a survival mechanism; quick decision making in dangerous situations.
▪ This type of thinking slows progress because it does not deal in reality.
Concept of science is new
▪ Developed in the last 150 years; collect facts, draw conclusions based on
those facts and test your conclusions in several ways.
▪ This type of thinking will speed up the progress; grounded in reality.
Life expectancy through history
*Life expectancy in Canada is 81.2 y/old and the world average is 66.6 y/old.*
▪ Aprox. 30 to 35 years for most of recorded history.
▪ Aprox. 30 to 35 years through the Stone Age.
▪ 82 years in 2009 in Canada: Most improvements over the last 150 years.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ )t is important to remember that important people make it into historical
records, life expectancy is mostly the ordinay’people.
- Variations smoothed out as records are not precise.
- Number of 35 years is an estimate made by combining data from various
sources.
- Numbers may vary depending on source used.
- Range is more appropriate for this type of calculation.
Life in the good old days
- Harsh
- Cruel
- Short
Disease was common and dangerous.
Lice and fleas on humans was common.
Life with worms
Hooworm.
Tapeworm- can lay 1 million eggs/day.
Tapeworm eggs.
Roundworm max size was 50cm and they lay 200 thousand eggs/day.
Pinworms- Migrates out of colon and lays eggs in the anus, which causes a lot
of itching.
Improved quality of life in Canada
Data for Canada:
o The Main causes of death in the 1900 : These lasted for 50 years and the life
expectancy was 44 years old.
1. Pneumonia
2. Tuberculosis
3. Influenza
o The main causes of death in 2004: The life expectancy in 2004 was 82 years
old.
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer.
3. Stroke
4. Lower respiratory infection
5. Traffic accidents
6. Diabetes.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Life expectancy has doubled in last 100 years
Many changes also in quality of life
The causes of death have shifted from infectious disease to wear and tear
Historically people lived entire lives in an unhealthy state
Constantly sick (parasites)
This condition still exists in many developing countries
Main reasons fro improved health
▪ Improved sanitation: Open vs closed sewers.
▪ Cleaner drinking water: Safe water supply. Nature doesn’t make pure water.
There are all types of parasites in the water which can kill you and this
simple water treatment makes a big difference. This method was
chlorination.
▪ Refrigeration: Food spoilage was common before refrigeration.
▪ Vaccination: Pharmaceuticals improve health.
- It was the greatest achievement in medicine
- Vaccination and immunization were very successful for viral diseases.
▪ Antibiotics: Created antibiotics for bacterial infections.
• All these scientific methods helped improved health in a major way.
Modern drugs work
▪ Each starts with a scientific idea.
▪ Each is optimized using different methods.
▪ Each is tested scientifically.
North American drug market:
- Prescription drugs: 300$ billion.
- OTC (over the counter) drugs: 25 $ billion.
Modern pharmaceutical industry is young
▪ Started in 1856
▪ Uses scientific methods such as; chemistry, biology, molecular biology,
epidemiology
▪ Works hard by removing bias.
▪ Regulated by the government.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Science: collects facts, draws conclusions based on those facts, test your conclusions in several ways. Concept of science is new: developed in the last 150 years; collect facts, draw conclusions based on those facts and test your conclusions in several ways, this type of thinking will speed up the progress; grounded in reality. *life expectancy in canada is 81. 2 y/old and the world average is 66. 6 y/old: aprox. 30 to 35 years for most of recorded history: aprox. 30 to 35 years through the stone age: 82 years in 2009 in canada: most improvements over the last 150 years. )t is important to remember that (cid:498)important (cid:498)people make it into historical records, life expectancy is mostly the (cid:498)ordinay"(cid:499)people. Variations smoothed out as records are not precise. Number of 35 years is an estimate made by combining data from various sources. Range is more appropriate for this type of calculation. Lice and fleas on humans was common.
