GRT 2100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Cardiovascular Disease, Population Ageing, Old Age Security

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GRT 2100 lecture 3

September 18th 2015

(continued from last lecture)

-as countries become more industrialized or developed, they experience a shift from

-high fertility and high mortality to lower fertility and mortality rates

-infectious disease (example; TB) to degenerative, chronic or non-communicable diseases

(cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc)

-why fertility rate goes down in developed countries:

-increase education

-increase contraception

-it is more common for people to focus on their careers before starting a family

-people may not have enough ﬁnancial support (due to student loans or the rising cost of

living)

-2011; 79% of Canadians aged 65+ live in urban areas in developed countries

-developing countries; more seniors live in rural areas

-median age of population in;

-Montreal; 40 years

-Vancouver; 40

-Toronto; 39

-Canada’s birth rate:

-1946; 26.9 per 1000

-2012; 11 babies per 1000

-crude birth rate: the total number of live births per 1000

-general fertility rate: the number of births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years

-totally fertility rate: the average number of children per woman over the course of her

reproductive life; usually calculated for females aged 15-49

-1959; 1.7 births per woman

-1979; 1.7 births per woman

-2011; 1.6 births per woman

-2021; 1.3 births per woman

-replacement fertility rate: the level of fertility the population needs in order to replace itself

from one generation to the next

-Canada; 2.1 births per woman

-2006; total fertility rate was 1.59 births for women (up from 1.54 in 2005)

-for the ﬁrst time in history, Canadian women aged 30-34 had higher fertility rates than that

of aged 25-29

-# of stillbirths; 2272 (2.9% increase from 2005)

-average age to give birth is 29 (up from 27)

-accounted for 70% of the total increase; Alberta and Quebec

-many people may have a pessimistic view of Canada’s aging population

-exaggeration and misinterpretation of population trends

-failing to recognize older persons as an untapped resources

-elders in contemporary society and in the future will generally be healthier, wealthier and

better educated

-future policies myst strive to eliminate or reduce inequalities in the provision of service,

support and assistance

-2011; foreign-born population of 6 775 800 people (20.6% of the total pop.)

-5% of Canadians aged 65 and older spoke neither French nor English

-25% of Canadians aged 65 and older were born outside Canada

-older immigrants are less likely to be economically disadvantaged

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Document Summary

As countries become more industrialized or developed, they experience a shift from. High fertility and high mortality to lower fertility and mortality rates. Infectious disease (example; tb) to degenerative, chronic or non-communicable diseases (cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc) Why fertility rate goes down in developed countries: It is more common for people to focus on their careers before starting a family. People may not have enough nancial support (due to student loans or the rising cost of living) 2011; 79% of canadians aged 65+ live in urban areas in developed countries. Developing countries; more seniors live in rural areas. Crude birth rate: the total number of live births per 1000. General fertility rate: the number of births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years. Totally fertility rate: the average number of children per woman over the course of her reproductive life; usually calculated for females aged 15-49.

Related Questions

Case Study

Skolnikland is in Eastern Africa, with a population of 30 million people. The country has a plains region, a hill region, and a region with high mountains. It has a number of ecosystems. The plains are dry for much of the year, there is some rainforest, and the rest of the country includes both hills and mountains. There are two seasons of heavy rainfall.

The citizens come from several ethnic groups that tend to live in their own regions and speak different languages. The ethnic groups largely follow one of three different religions. The large cities are mixed ethnically. One ethnic group is economically and socially very dominant. The people from this group live in the capital and most of the large cities. The national language is the language of this dominant ethnic group.

According to World Bank criteria, Skolnikland is among the poorest countries in the world. The economy has been growing at about 4% per year on average over the last decade, but the economy had very slow economic growth in the decades prior to that. The richest 10% of the population controls 80% of the national income.

About 80% of the people live in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The number of people living in urban areas has been growing recently at an increasing pace. Most people earn their livelihood in agriculture but there is an increasing garment manufacturing industry in the two largest cities. There are also a number of mining industries. In addition, other export industries are beginning to grow, mostly focused on the export of commodities to China.

The total fertility rate is about 4.5 but it has been declining slowly over the last two decades, from over 6. There is an almost equal number of men and women in the population. Infant mortality is about 90 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality is about 500 per 100,000 live births. Thirty-five percent of the children are underweight for age.

The adult literacy rate is about 40%. The educational enrollment rate, especially for girls at the primary and secondary levels, has been growing slowly, but steadily. Most recently, this rate has been growing at an increasing pace and about 75% of the girls now attend school regularly, although many of them are of very low quality.

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

HIV prevalence is 7% of the adult population. The number of new HIV cases annually has begun to plateau. About half of the people eligible for treatment for HIV are on treatment. Malaria is rampant in the plains.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

Skolnikland has a pluralistic health system that is made up of public and private institutions, publicly financed providers, licensed private providers, unlicensed medical practitioners, and traditional healers. There is no health insurance, except for some free services for the poor in the few publicly financed hospitals, which the better off people do not attend. The health system is not very effective or efficient and is generally of low quality. The HIV, TB, and malaria programs are not effective or efficient and they are just beginning to adopt paradigms for services that follow global best practices.

QUESTION 26

What is a DALY?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. An indicator that compares the burden of deaths across the population of different countries.

B. A composite health gap indicator that measures the amount of health and disability-free life that is lost because of disease, injury, and premature death.

C. A WHO indicator used to summarize the expected number of years to be lived in good health.

QUESTION 27

What is an example of a conditional cash transfer that you can use to improve child health?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Provide tax breaks to families with children.

B. Give money to mothers whose children received a full course of vaccination.

C. Pay higher fees to vaccination programs with better outcomes.

QUESTION 28

What usually takes place during the demographic transition?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Fertility falls before mortality falls

B. Mortality falls and then fertility falls

C. Mortality and fertility fall at the same time

QUESTION 29

Which force is likely to have the greatest direct impact on epidemiological change in the medium and long terms on today's middle-income countries?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Population growth

B. Population aging

C. Urbanization

QUESTION 30

Which is the most accurate statement about the distribution of age at death in Niger (a very low income country) and Norway (a very high income country) today?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. About 5% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

B. About 30% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

C. The overwhelming majority of deaths in both countries occur among people aged 65 and over.

Case Study

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

QUESTION 26

What is a DALY?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. An indicator that compares the burden of deaths across the population of different countries.

B. A composite health gap indicator that measures the amount of health and disability-free life that is lost because of disease, injury, and premature death.

C. A WHO indicator used to summarize the expected number of years to be lived in good health.

QUESTION 27

What is an example of a conditional cash transfer that you can use to improve child health?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Provide tax breaks to families with children.

B. Give money to mothers whose children received a full course of vaccination.

C. Pay higher fees to vaccination programs with better outcomes.

QUESTION 28

What usually takes place during the demographic transition?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Fertility falls before mortality falls

B. Mortality falls and then fertility falls

C. Mortality and fertility fall at the same time

QUESTION 29

Which force is likely to have the greatest direct impact on epidemiological change in the medium and long terms on today's middle-income countries?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Population growth

B. Population aging

C. Urbanization

QUESTION 30

Which is the most accurate statement about the distribution of age at death in Niger (a very low income country) and Norway (a very high income country) today?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. About 5% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

B. About 30% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

C. The overwhelming majority of deaths in both countries occur among people aged 65 and over.

Case Study

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

QUESTION 11

If you were interested in investing in maternal and child health using a results-based financing scheme, which program is the most appropriate?

A. Invest in training more skilled birth attendants in a village.

B. A plan to give the local clinic in the village a grant after the clinic demonstrates that its efforts have led after two years to lower under-5 child mortality.

C.Provide all pregnant women in the village with a full course of antenatal vitamins.

QUESTION 12

In Skolnikland today, approximately what proportion of the burden of disease, measured in DALYs, is likely to be Group I-related?

A. 45%

B. 35%

C. 60%

QUESTION 13

In Skolnikland, life expectancy fell in the 1990s, which can be attributed to:

A. Malaria

B. HIV

C. Pneumonia

QUESTION 14

In Skolnikland, the cost for treating severe diarrhea in young children is $18 for community-based care and $20 for clinic-based care. The cure rate for community-based care is 60%. The cure rate for clinic-based care is 90%. Which approach is the most cost-effective?

A. Community-based care

B. Clinic-based care

C. They are equally cost-effective

QUESTION 15

In Skolnikland, what are likely to be three of the five leading causes of death of under-5 children, besides perinatal causes?

A. TB, diarrhea, pneumonia

B. Malaria, diarrhea, measles

C. Diarrhea, malaria, pneumonia

GRT 2100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Cardiovascular Disease, Population Ageing, Old Age Security

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