PHI 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Syntactic Ambiguity
1 Jun 2018
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Chapter 8
Aļ¬rming the consequent - aļ¬rming the consequent of an āifā¦ thenā¦ā claim and attempting to
infer its antecedent "
Denying the antecedent - denying the antecedent of an āifā¦ thenā¦ā claim and attempting to
infer the denial of its consequent "
Undistributed middle - assuming the two thins are related to a third thing must be related to
each other "
Equivocation - the use of claims as premises and/or conclusions that contain words or phrases
that are interpreted in more than one way "
Amphiboly - the use of claims as premises and/or conclusions that contain ambiguity because
of their grammatical structure "
Composition - assuming that what is true of a group of things taken individually must also be
true of those same things taken collectively; or assuming that what is true of the parts of a
thing must be true of the things itself "
Division - assuming that what is true of a group of things taken collectively must also be true of
those same things taken individually; or assuming that what is true of a whole is also true of its
parts "
Confusing explanations excuses - presuming that, because someone is explaining how or why
some event came pass, he or she is attempting to excuse or justify that event "
Confusing contraries and contradictors - to fail to notice that two conļ¬icting claims can be
either contraries (cannot both be true but can both be false) or contradictors (cannot both be
true and cannot both be false ) "
Consistency and inconsistency - consistency in oneās beliefs is a requirement of rationality, but
the inconsistency of a person (in changing from one belief to another inconsistent with the ļ¬rst)
does not impugn either the previously held belief or the current one "
Incorrectly combining probabilities - failing to realize that the probability of several independent
events is determined by multiplying the probabilities of the various events "
Gamblerās fallacy - believing that the past performance of independent events will have an
eļ¬ect on a further independent event "
Overlooking prior probabilities - failing to take into consideration the likelihood of an event all
other things being equal; that is, its likelihood apart from any outside inļ¬uences "
Overlooking false positives - when deriving the proportion of Xs that are Ys from the proportion
of Ys that are Xs, failing to take into consideration the proportion of non-Ys that are Xs "
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Document Summary
A rming the consequent - a rming the consequent of an if then claim and attempting to infer its antecedent. Denying the antecedent - denying the antecedent of an if then claim and attempting to infer the denial of its consequent. Undistributed middle - assuming the two thins are related to a third thing must be related to each other. Equivocation - the use of claims as premises and/or conclusions that contain words or phrases that are interpreted in more than one way. Amphiboly - the use of claims as premises and/or conclusions that contain ambiguity because of their grammatical structure. Division - assuming that what is true of a group of things taken collectively must also be true of those same things taken individually; or assuming that what is true of a whole is also true of its parts.
