🏷️ LIMITED TIME OFFER: GET 20% OFF GRADE+ YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION →
Log in
HomeClass Notes1,200,000CA670,000

BIOC13H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Organism

54 views3 pages
School
UTSC
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOC13H3
Professor
Jason Brown

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Lecture 04: we were looking at this plot the other day showing free energy of this system over the course of thereaction. Free energy is the energy avaible to do work. Once you get to the minim fre energy the eq point there is no more free energy that this system can yield and therefore this system can no longer do work. A asystem at eq cannot do any work. If we think about living organisms are constnatly doing work - they are pumping ions sand blood and moving around they are cosntantly doing work. And the fact that living things are doing work is that life is a non eq state. Without that soruce fo free energy you keep drifting to eq and you die. Most fungi fit under this and bacteria, protozas: the other major free enrgy of organisms is light.

Get access

Grade+20% off
$8 USD/m$10 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
40 Verified Answers
Class+
$8 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Class+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
30 Verified Answers

Related Documents

BIOC13H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Atp Hydrolysis, Electrochemical Gradient, Energy Carrier
harlequinmarten260
BIOC13H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Homeostasis, Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Peroxidase
hassanalibhai
BIOC13H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Hexokinase, Cytosol, Anabolism
skyprairie-dog454

Related Questions

As entropy increases there will be more useful energy to do‘work’. True or false?

False. As entropy increases, there will generally be less usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. Imagine a car motor, which attempts toturn chemical potential energy into kinetic energy (movement). Lessefficient motors will get hotter for the same amount of fuelconsumed. When you drive a car you hope that most of the fuelenergy is converted into kinetic energy and not lost as heat(entropy). The hotter the car (and thus the more entropy) the lessefficient the ability to do ‘work’ (the moving of the vehicle).
True. As entropy increases, there will generally be more usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. In most biological and mechanicalsystems it is heat energy which is captured to do useful 'work'.Heat energy, the random movement of molecules, and increases inentropy are central to doing useful work.

Biological systems sometimes appear on the surface to break theSecond Law of Thermodynamics – by seemingly increasing the order inthe overall system. They don’t. Why?

a. Earth (and living things on it) are not a closed system. Thesun's constant input of energy in the form of photons is harnessedby living things to create internal order within themselves. Butwithout such a constant input of energy, most biological systems onearth would break down.
b. The Second Law tells us that no natural process can occurunless it is also associated with an increase in the entropy of theuniverse. A living organism (such as an animal or plant) brings inmatter and energy from its environment and uses this to creategreater order within its body: the processes of life. But it isimportant to keep in mind that all animals and plants are also partof a larger system of the environment around them. While creating asmall ‘pocket’ of order, the processes of life (metabolism,movement, etc..) releases heat into the environment – thusincreasing the entropy of the universe and following the2nd law.
c. Living things, by harnessing energy to create order (withinand around themselves) actually create a paradox in questionssurrounding the first and second laws of thermodynamics andseemingly violate many previously held assumptions.
d. Both a and b above are correct.

When plants capture energy in the photons of sunlight andconvert that energy into the chemical bonds of organic molecules,are they creating new energy?

No, the energy is being transferred from one form into another.But no new energy is being created.
No, the overall total energy is decreasing over time.
Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating newenergy.
Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating new energy -of a different wavelength.

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

1. Asbestosis is a disease that results in damage to the lungsbecause (there may be more than one answer)

a. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

b. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

c. the lysosomes that absorb the asbestos release enzymes thatkill the lung tissue cells

d. the lung tissue becomes scarred and can nolonger function tobring oxygen into the blood

2. Which of the phases of cellular respiration breaks down theglucose molecule?

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasmamembrane?

a. allows all substances to enter the cell

b. helps bind cells to eachother so that they can form tissuesand organs

c. allows the cell to recognize other cells

d. allows cells to "talk" to eachother

4. Which of the following mechanisms of transport across thecell requires energy?

a. osmosis

b. endocytosis

c. facilitated diffusion

d. active transport

5. Which of the following organelles acts as the "powerhouse" ofthe cell, i.e. it produces the cell's energy.

a. nucleus

b. mitochondria

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. rough endoplasmic reticulum

6. Figure 3.9 in your textbook demonstrates what happens to ared blood cell when it is put into varying solutions. The bags inthe beakers represent a single red blood cell.

What happens to a red blood cell when it is put into ahypertonic solution?

a. stays the same and is fully functional

b. shrinks and no longer functions the way it's supposed to

c. gets larger and no longer functions the way it's supposedto

d. the shape stays the same but the red blood cell is no longerfunctional

7. Which of the following real-life situations would result inthe blood (note that this is referring to the liquid part of theblood, not the blood cells - the accurate name for this wouldactually be "blood plasma") becoming too hypotonic?

a. getting stranded in the middle of a dessert and becomingseverely dehydrated

b. drinking gatorade to replenish fluids during a basketballgame

c. drinking too much water so that your body can't get rid ofthe water quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood plasmatonicity

d. being stranded in the middle of the ocean, drinking the saltyocean water

8. The golgi complex acts as the "UPS" of the cell - itprocesses and packages materials and sends them to theirdestinations.

True

False

9. The lysosome acts as the "stomach" of the cell; it digestsparticles that are no longer needed in the cell or have been takenup into the cell to be broken down.

True

False

10. We need oxygen to survive because oxygen is needed to breakdown glucose to form ATP. When we are deprived of oxygen, our cellssuddenly stop producing ATP and we can only survive for a fewminutes with whatever ATP remains in our cells.

True

False