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BIOB51H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Mutation Rate, Mutation

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School
UTSC
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOB51H3
Professor
Maydianne Andrade

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Document Summary

Slide : though evolution is a thing of the past. Natural selection removes the unfavorable variances: gene and locus terms are interchangeable. Point mutations: mutations in single based parts: polymorphism: within one individual or one population. What properties of genes in genonomes have at least 2 alleles. How many variance exist in that population. Average how many of locus are het: estimates of poly. Higher (variance even if individuals homozygous) than mean: phenotypic analysis: gene product. Error = doesn"t look like base sepquence of dna: phenotype analysis would not capture this variation, single base subsitution= single change in a nucleotide, deleterious- lost by selection. Lost or fix( allele increase in frequency until selection) or maintained. Beneficial= fix: replacemnet= if new amino acid has same as old amino acid = no effect on fitness, no natural selection, mutations built over time, fitness stays the same. Held under same condition, adapted: high rate of mutation per genome.

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Related Questions

Fill in the blank.

When a new mutation occurs that increases the fitness of the carrier relative to other members of the population, natural selection will favor individuals that have a higher fitness. With time the newly mutated variant (allele) will increase in frequency relative to other alleles. As its prevalence increases, neutral and nearly neutral genetic variations linked to the new mutation will also become more prevalent. This phenomenon is called ________.

1. Individual organisms that carry harmful mutations tend to be eliminated from a population by natural selection. It is easy to see how deleterious mutations in bacteria, which have a single copy of each gene, are eliminated by natural selection; the affected bacteria die and the mutation is thereby lost from the population. Eukaryotes, however, have two copies of most genes because they are diploid. It is often the case that an individual with two normal copies of the gene (homozygous, normal) is indistinguishable in phenotype from an individual with one normal copy and one defective copy of the gene (heterozygous). In such cases, natural selection can operate only on an individual with two copies of the defective gene (homozygous). Imagine the situation in which a defective form of the gene is lethal when homozygous, but without effect when heterozygous. Can such a mutation ever be eliminated from the population by natural selection? Why or why not?

1. Individual organisms that carry harmful mutations tend to be eliminated from a population by natural selection. It is easy to see how deleterious mutations in bacteria, which have a single copy of each gene, are eliminated by natural selection; the affected bacteria die and the mutation is thereby lost from the population. Eukaryotes, however, have two copies of most genes because they are diploid. It is often the case that an individual with two normal copies of the gene (homozygous, normal) is indistinguishable in phenotype from an individual with one normal copy and one defective copy of the gene (heterozygous). In such cases, natural selection can operate only on an individual with two copies of the defective gene (homozygous). Imagine the situation in which a defective form of the gene is lethal when homozygous, but without effect when heterozygous. Can such a mutation ever be eliminated from the population by natural selection? Why or why not?

2. In the case of question 1, what will be the ratio of individuals with one normal copy and one defective copy of the gene (heterozygous) eventually? Assume that mating process is fair.