PSYB32 Lecture 2 - Paradigms
paradigms have profound impact on patient.
▯ may have depression: a humanist won’t diagnose/use a label. a psychiatrist may
use a name for the disorder and treat with psychopharmacology.
as new technologies are created, new paradigms are adopted: new medicines bio
Biological paradigm
Behavior genetics: study of individual differences in behavior that are attributable
to one’s genetic makeup (genotype vs. phenotype)
Genotype (total genetic makeup, includes unobservable genes from birth.
They are fixed, but even though you have it, they can turn on and off as
determined by environment or psychobiological factors)
Phenotype (totality of observable behavioral characteristics, which changes
over time. Product between genotype and environment.
Four Methods to study behavioral genetics (if someone has a
predisposition)
○ Family method
searching for Probands (someone with a disorder such as
schizophrenia) family members, first degree relatives share 50%
genetic makeup, so we can understand the incidence of the
disorder/genetic predisposition. (are you more likely to get the
disorder if you’re related to someone who has it)
○ Twin method
Monozygotic (MZ) twins (100% genetic overlap) they may have the
genotypes, but it may never switch on.
Dizygotic (DZ) twins (50% genetic overlap)
○ Adoptees method
twins who are raised with different parents-not the same
environment.
○ Linkage Analysis
Neurotransmission: dopamine, seratonin,
Reuptake: Analysis the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter
that it has secreted
Cortical vs Subcortical structures of the brain
▯ cortical: higher order cognition (Learn, plan)
▯ Subcortical: within the brain, lower order (awake, asleepness) Structure and function of the human brain (Behavior neuroanatomy)
Frontal lobes…executive functions, broca’s area (speech)
Right side…retrieval, psychotic symptoms (such as mania/depression)
Left side…learning, taking in information
Temporal lobes…language, wernike’s area, hippocampus (consolidation,
learning and forming)
Parietal Lobes…sensation, calculations, visual/spacial, coordination,
construction
Occipital Lobes…vision
Biological Paradigm Approaches to Treatment:
Anxiolytics (anxiety, stress, sleep disorders, sometimes depression)
Antidepressants (depression, anxiety, OCD, eating disorders, personality disorders)
Psychoactive drugs (anti-psychotic, schitzophrenia)
Psychostimulant (ADD, narcolpsy, alzhiemers
Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Structure of the mind (unconscious conflicts, bring conflicts to consciousness
▯ Id: unconscious (pleasure, immediate gratification, primary process) when
it doesn’t get immediate gratification, it produces anxiety to engage in behavior or create
a disorder, or create illusions
▯ Ego: conscious (reality, secondary)
▯ Superego: decides what should happen
Defense mechanisms (protects Ego from the Id)
Repression: putting unacceptable thoughts and ideas into the unconscious
Denial
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