SOCA02H3 Lecture Notes - Demographic Transition, Infant Mortality, Cultural Lag
Document Summary
First demographic transition: change from low and stable population of pre-industrial socities (high fertility. High mortality) to growing population of industrial societies (slowly declining fertility, fast declining mortality) Modernisation theory of development: industrialisation fosters labour force participation and rationalism which foster decline in fertility. Cultural lag: cultural norms maintain high fertility. Second demographic transition: change from growing population of industrial societies to high and stable (later: declining) population of post-industrial societies (low fertility, low mortality). Demographic change is the result of fertility mortality and net migration. Declining fertility is the most important cause of population ageing. Fertility declined from 7 births per woman in the 1850s to under 2 by the 1980s. Replacement fertility is the average number of children needed to replace one generation by the next (2. 1 children per woman). Proximate causes: fewer long term relationships and marriages, older age at marriage, more divorces, cohabitation, and use of birth control.
