BIO120H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Intertropical Convergence Zone, Lapse Rate, Volumetric Heat Capacity
Lecture 13 Species ranges and limiting factors
Global > Regional > Habitat > Microhabitat > Smaller microhabitat(rock)
Abiotic factors
- Resources that are exhaustible: nutrient, food, thing in env that can be used up. > this will lead
to competition because it can be used up
- Conditions that cannot be used up, pH &temp
- Varies across space and time = gradients =determine if a species can occur in an area by looking
at the abundance of resources and condition.
Species has tolerance along environmental gradient
If a terrestrial plant can appear somewhere depends
on:
1. Temperature and soil moisture (the higher the
more) & seasonarlity
2. Nutrients
3. Disturbance
4. Interaction
5. Salinity (aq)
If a terrestrial animal can appear somewhere depends on:
1. Food and water
2. Temperature
3. Habitat quality (protection)
4. Interactions
5. Salinity /osmotic pressure
ANIMALS WILL FOLLOW PLANTS
How to get variation in abiotic factors? How do we get biomes?
Seasonality: higher the colder, seasonality controls temperature; seasons.
- Lower latitudes warmer, seasonality controls rainfall, dry vs wet season
Rainfall depends on atmospheric circulation, rain shadows, offshore ocean currents.
Differential heating: different temperature that the earth is experiencing due to the shape and the
angle of photons hitting the earth surface. Why? Earth is round
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Why do we have hot summer and cold winters? (why do we have seasonality?)
Earth tilt at 23.5degrees always. Equator=solar equator during fall and spring. -30degrees during winter,
+30degrees during summer
There can be 0-24hrs of daylight during the day. How?
Because of the tilt! Finland get almost no daylight during winter and 24hrs during summer when the sun
is hitting the earth at -23.5degrees. Countries located exactly at the equator experience the same hrs of
daylight across the years.
Moisture (Hadley cells begins from equator towards opposite 30degrees)
1. heated air rise, cooling as
it rises managed by
adiabatic lapse rate (rate
of temperature change)
2. Water vapour condense
as air cool, release
moisture
3. Air warms when falling,
reverse adiabatic lapse.
4. Dry at +/-30degrees 因为
没有水分再下了。
5. Air can move up towards
Ferrell cell or back down to Hadley.
6. Hadley>Ferrell> Polar
Intertropical Convergence Zone would appear at solar equator
ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone is essentially where the rain is. Land mass affect the rate of
temperature change due water body’s thermal inertia. If ITCZ stays at the same place throughout the
year=little seasonality= constant raining. If ITCZ moves btw large land mass and small landmass during
the year= strong seasonality. (Asia vs Australia)
- Influenced by land masses: more land in N than S, more land means less water around the
middle of the land will get greater variation in temperature where there isn’t a lot of water to
resist change in temperature.
Wind Patterns = Coupled cells + Coroilis effect (earth spinning)
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Atmospheric circulation loops: air
movement with ocean circulation that
redistribute the thermal energy.
*earth spins west to east.
Mountain generated precipitation:
mountain blocks wind bringing in
moisture; leading to rainfall on one side of the mountain, land beyond it is very dry (rain shadow)
cold water has cold wind; less water vapour carried, when blow by land, it would not moist it; thus
creating deserts
land closer to water climate more moderate temperature due to thermal inertia; atmospheric
circulation loops
Precipitation: evaporation from warm body of water; winds to bring in water vapour; air forced up on
mountain sides; rain shadows on mountain slopes, ITCZ
Ocean contributes Thermal inertia: resist change to temperature
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BIO120H1 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
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Document Summary
Global > regional > habitat > microhabitat > smaller microhabitat(rock) Resources that are exhaustible: nutrient, food, thing in env that can be used up. > this will lead to competition because it can be used up. Conditions that cannot be used up, ph &temp. Varies across space and time = gradients =determine if a species can occur in an area by looking at the abundance of resources and condition. If a terrestrial plant can appear somewhere depends on: temperature and soil moisture (the higher the more) & seasonarlity, nutrients, disturbance. If a terrestrial animal can appear somewhere depends on: food and water, temperature, habitat quality (protection) Seasonality: higher the colder, seasonality controls temperature; seasons. Lower latitudes warmer, seasonality controls rainfall, dry vs wet season. Rainfall depends on atmospheric circulation, rain shadows, offshore ocean currents. Differential heating: different temperature that the earth is experiencing due to the shape and the angle of photons hitting the earth surface.
