BIO120H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Glycogen Phosphorylase, Glycogen Synthase, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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BIO120H1 Full Course Notes
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Carbohydrates aka polyols since they have many hydroxyl (-oh) or alcohol groups. Animals use monosaccharides for energy and biosynthesis: monosaccharides small carbohydrates with 3 to 7 carbons. 6 carbon sugars (hexoses) which include glucose, fructose, and galactose: disaccharides most of the sugars in an animal"s diet are disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides connected by a covalent bond. Animals must break them down into the monosaccharides to use them: glycosylation the addition of carbohydrates to other macromolecules which alters their properties and reduces the susceptibility to degradation. Glycosylated lipids=glycolipids and glycosylated proteins=glycoproteins both of which are common in the plasma membrane of cells. Mitochondria oxidize glycolytic pyruvate and nadh under aerobic conditions: when oxygen is abundant, pyruvate enters the mitochondria for further oxidation to acetyl coa and then to carbon dioxide, mitochondria also dispose of the cytoplasmic nadh produced in glycolysis. Although they cannot oxidize nadh directly, mitochondria use two redox shuttles to obtain the reducing energy of cytoplasmic nadh.
