BIO230H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: X-Inactivation, Blood Cell, Histidine

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19 Dec 2013

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BIO230H1 Full Course Notes

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Can see that the major impact cancer has on individuals. We are going to see the theme that the molecules that are defected with cancer are the molecules that we talked in past lecture. We are talking about defects in the molecular machinery that concerns the see slide. Important to understand the cell biology principles to combat cancer and other diseases. This diagram highlights the molecular machinery pathways in cancer. When you look across, there are many molecules that we discussed. Cadherin"s, integrin"s, control of cell growth, control of cell death and many of these aspects we discussed. When humans develop they start from one cell and end up with hundred thousand billion cells. Of those billion cells in our body there are many cells experiencing a mutation every day. So there are insults , changes in our dna everyday. Normally these mutations, most of them will be repaired.

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Ch. 12 Case Study: A Patient Offered New Cancer Treatment Harriet Abeline had faced bad news before. She was diagnosed with breast cancer five years ago and underwent a lumpectomy and radiation treatment. Two years later, a routine mammogram revealed another lump. She used similar treatment for this tumor. Harriet understood medicine. For years she had worked as a recruiter for a major drug company interviewing and hiring scientists and physicians. The company was a reputable and honest business and developed drugs that were used all over the world. With each recurrence of cancer, she researched her situation and the available drugs being used for treatment. She also discovered that some cases of breast cancer are caused by a genetic predisposition. With each google search, she read about the experimental treatments that were available for end-stage breast cancer, keeping them in the back of her mind. Her doctor told her that the cancer had spread to her bones. Harriet was frightened. Dr. Hill understood her fear. Harriet had been working with cancer patients for years and had recently been using some of the newer treatments available for late-stage cancers. 1. What should Harriet do? Should she be tested to see if she carries mutant alleles BRCA1 and BRCA2? 2. If Dr. Hill told Harriet that no other treatment could help her, might that make a difference in her decision to participate in the trial? Why or why not? 3. Many trials need end-stage patients to see how a drug might affect individuals who are very sick or dying. Can these patients really understand what the trials are about and give consent? 4. What should Dr. Hill tell Harriet about the proposed treatment before she agrees? List 5 items. 5. Is there anything that a researcher or physician shouldnât tell a patient? 6. One serious problem in clinical trials is that researchers often cannot persuade patients to participate. Why do you think that is?

Ch. 12 Case Study: A Patient Offered New Cancer Treatment

Harriet Abeline had faced bad news before. She was diagnosed with breast cancer five years ago and underwent a lumpectomy and radiation treatment. Two years later, a routine mammogram revealed another lump. She used similar treatment for this tumor.

Harriet understood medicine. For years she had worked as a recruiter for a major drug company interviewing and hiring scientists and physicians. The company was a reputable and honest business and developed drugs that were used all over the world.

With each recurrence of cancer, she researched her situation and the available drugs being used for treatment. She also discovered that some cases of breast cancer are caused by a genetic predisposition. With each google search, she read about the experimental treatments that were available for end-stage breast cancer, keeping them in the back of her mind.

Her doctor told her that the cancer had spread to her bones. Harriet was frightened. Dr. Hill understood her fear. Harriet had been working with cancer patients for years and had recently been using some of the newer treatments available for late-stage cancers.

1. What should Harriet do? Should she be tested to see if she carries mutant alleles BRCA1 and BRCA2?

2. If Dr. Hill told Harriet that no other treatment could help her, might that make a difference in her decision to participate in the trial? Why or why not?

3. Many trials need end-stage patients to see how a drug might affect individuals who are very sick or dying. Can these patients really understand what the trials are about and give consent?

4. What should Dr. Hill tell Harriet about the proposed treatment before she agrees? List 5 items.

5. Is there anything that a researcher or physician shouldnât tell a patient?

6. One serious problem in clinical trials is that researchers often cannot persuade patients to participate. Why do you think that is?

It was all over the news (March 29, 2018) that a new cancer âvaccineâ was about to begin human trials after a 97% success rate in mouse trials against both blood cancers (lymphomas) and solid tumors such as breast and colon cancer. I will excerpt a description compiled from several scientific and news sources. Based on what we talked about in Bio 221, you should be able to understand this. Answer each of the questions about this exciting new âvaccine.â T cells are present in most tumors by infiltration. These include CTLA4-expressing Treg cells, as well as CD4- expressing TH cells and CD8-expressing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Once cancer is well established, the balance between these inputs is tipped toward immunosuppression. We found that a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand, CpG, induces the expression of OX40, an alternate costimulatory receptor, on CD4 T cells when it is injected into the tumor microenvironment. This is an indirect induction, in which CpG induces cytokine secretion by myeloid cells which in turn induces OX40 expression on T cells. Then OX40 can be activated using anti-OX40 antibodies, thereby activating TH cells in the tumor.

D. How do antibodies that recognize OX40 help to stimulate TH cells? (Hint: think about autoimmune diseases. There is one we didnât talk about, called Gravesâ disease, that you might want to look up, too.) What else is required for the TH cells to become activated?

E. How does all of this kill the cancer cells? What other cells in the tumor also must become activated? How?

F. How does this differ from the CAR-T cell therapy?

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BIO230H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: X-Inactivation, Blood Cell, Histidine

BIO230H1 Full Course Notes

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