ECO105Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Moving Company, Risk Compensation, Economic Equilibrium

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20 Mar 2018

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Accounting profits equal revenues minus all obvious costs, including depreciation. But accounting profits miss the hidden, implicit oppor tunity costs of a business owner"s time and money. Obvious costs (explicit costs) costs a business pays directly. Accountants count all obvious business costs and include depreciation. Decrease in the value of equipment over time because of wear and tea r and because it becomes obsolete. Yearly depreciation cost is the price of equipment divided by number of years it lasts. Accountant"s one-year business plan for wahid"s web wonders. Implicit costs hidden opportunity costs of what business owner could earn elsewher e with time and money invested. Opportunity cost of time best alternative use of business owner"s time. Opportunity cost of money best alternative use of business owner"s money invested in the bus iness. Risk-loving investor does not require much compensation for taking r isks. Risk-averse (risk-avoiding) investor requires high compensation for taking risks.

Related Questions

26. To the economist total cost includes

A. explicit and implicit costs.

B neither implicit nor explicit costs.

C. implicit, but not explicit, costs.

D. explicit, but not implicit, costs.

27. Accounting profits are typically

A. greater than economic profits because the former do not take explicit costs into account

B. equal to economic profits because accounting costs include all opportunity costs.

C. smaller than economic profits because the former do not take implicit costs into account.

D. greater than economic profits because the former do not take implicit costs into account.

28. Suppose that a business incurred implicit costs of $200,000 and explicit costs of $1 million in a specific year. If the firm sold 4,000 units of its output at $300 per unit, its accounting profits were

A. $100,000 and its economic profits were $0.

B. $200,000 and its economic profits were $0.

C. $100,000 and its economic profits were $100,000.

D. $0 and its economic loss was $200,000.

29. The basic difference between the short run and the long run is that

A. all costs are fixed in the short run, but all costs are variable in the long run.

B. the law of diminishing returns applies in the long run but not in the short run.

C. at least one resource is fixed in the short run, while all resources are variable in the long run.

D. economies of scale may be present in the short run but not in the long run.

30. The law of diminishing returns indicates that

A. as extra units of a variable resource are added to a fixed resource, marginal product will decline beyond some point.

B. because of economies and diseconomies of scale, a competitive firm's long-run average total cost curve will be U-shaped.

C. the demand for goods produced by purely competitive industries is downsloping.

D. beyond some point, the extra utility derived from additional units of a product will yield the consumer smaller and smaller extra amounts of satisfaction.

sapphirecrow883

1. When economists speak of "marginal," they mean
a. Opportunity.
b. Scarcity.
c. Incremental.
d. Unimportant.

2. Managers undertake an investment only if
a. Marginal benefits of the investment are greater than zero.
b. Marginal costs of the investment are greater than marginal benefits of the investment.
c. Marginal benefits are greater than marginal costs.
d. Investment decisions do not depend on marginal analysis.

3. A firm produces 500 units per week. It hires 20 full-time workers (40 hours/week) at an hourly wage of $15. Raw materials are ordered weekly, and they cost $10 for every unit produced. The weekly cost of the rent payment for the factory is $2,250. How do the overall costs break down?
a. Total variable cost is $17,000; total fixed cost is $2,250; total cost is $19,250.
b. Total variable cost is $12,000; total fixed cost is $7,250; total cost is $19,250.
c. Total variable cost is $5,000; total fixed cost is $14,250; total cost is $19,250.
d. Total variable cost is $5,000; total fixed cost is $2,250; total cost is $7,250.

4. Total costs increase from $1,500 to $1,800 when a firm increases output from 40 to 50 units. Which of the following is true if marginal cost is constant?
a. FC = $100
b. FC = $200
c. FC = $300
d. FC = $400

5. A manager of a clothing firm is deciding whether to add another factory in addition to one already in production. The manager would compare
a. The total benefits gained from the two factories to the total costs of running the two factories.
b. The incremental benefit expected from the second factory to the total costs of running the two factories.
c. The incremental benefit expected from the second factory to the cost of the second factory.
d. The total benefits gained from the two factories to the incremental costs of running the two factories.

6. A firm is thinking of hiring an additional worker to their organization who they believe can increase total productivity by 100 units a week. The cost of hiring him or her is $1,500 per week. If the price of each unit is $12,
a. The MR of hiring the worker is $1,500.
b. The MC of hiring the worker is $1,200.
c. The firm should not hire the worker since MB < MC.
d. All the above

7. A retailer has to pay $9 per hour to hire 13 workers. If the retailer only needs to hire 12 workers, a wage rate of $7 per hour is sufficient.
What is the marginal cost of the 13th worker?
a. $117
b. $9
c. $33
d. $84

8. If a firm's average cost is rising, then
a. Marginal cost is less than average cost.
b. Marginal cost is rising.
c. Marginal cost is greater than average cost.
d. The firm is making an economic profit.

9. After the first week of his MBA Managerial Economics class, one of your pharmaceutical sales representatives accuses you of committing the sunk-cost fallacy by refusing to allow him to reduce price to make what he considers to be a really tough sale. Which of the following suggests the sales representative may be right?
a. Most of the costs of drug development are sunk, not fixed.
b. Sales representatives are paid a sales commission on revenue, so they don't care about the costs of drug development.
c. Sales representatives don't worry that a low price today may make it more difficult for the company's other sales representatives to charge higher prices to their customers, tomorrow.
d. Sales representatives think only about one thing, sales.

10. A company is producing 15,000 units. At this output level, marginal revenue is $22, and the marginal cost is $18. The firm sells each unit for $48 and average total cost is $40.
What can we conclude from this information?
a. The company is making a loss.
b. The company needs to cut production.
c. The company needs to increase production.
d. Not enough information is provided.

Public subsidies for new stadiums and arenas are commonly justified based on the economic benefits they will confer on the local economy rather than on public consumption externalities or the value of an enhanced community image. Yet there is virtually no evidence of any perceptible economic development benefits from sports teams or stadiums. How, then, have sports leagues been so successful in persuading government officials and voters to subsidize their industry when they seem to promote the losing argument?

Many referendums on using tax revenue to construct sports stadiums and arenas have been closed (Fort, 1997). At the end of the controversy, however, almost all cities have contributed public funds to subsidize private, for-profit teams owned by some of the wealthiest individuals in the world. The close votes suggest that stadium proponents-team owners and players-have been quite sophisticated in their appeals. If the votes had been overwhelmingly in favor of the subsidies, the proponents probably sought too little.

If the voters had not generally approved the subsidies, they asked for too much. Part of the explanation for the success of subsidies for sports stadiums relies on the distribution of benefits and costs. Only a small proportion of people in any metropolitan area attend professional team sports contests. But those who do often are intensely interested. Thus substantial benefits accrue to some individuals, motivating them to become politically active in supporting the use of tax revenue to procure or retain a team. Team owners and players are also well organized and have low-cost access to the media in their effort to promote subsidization. In contrast, most voters do not find it in their interest to oppose actively a referendum that may cost them $25 or $50 per year in additional taxes.

The issue is complex, the subsidies are indirect, and the proponents have almost all of the information. Those who are motivated to oppose the subsidies frequently are poorly funded, disorganized, and politically naive. Misleading "economic impact statements" commissioned by the proponents of subsidization often confuse the public. As we have seen, these studies are fraught with methodological errors that may be easily overlooked for those not trained in economics. Given the close votes, the studies can be enormously effective even if they deceive only 2 or 3 percent of the voters.

In the article you read by Siegfried and Zimbalist, they write there is virtually no evidence of any perceptible economic development benefits from sports teams or stadiums. How, then have sports leagues been so successful in persuading government officials and voters to subsidize their industry when they seem to promote the losing argument?

The authors give two answers to this question. Describe one of those answers.

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ECO105Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Moving Company, Risk Compensation, Economic Equilibrium

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