HIS109Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Beer, Syllabus Of Errors, Pasteurization
25/01/2016
Lecture 26
Capitalism, the Middle Class, and the Poor
SAMUEL SMILES, SELF HELP (1859)
POPE PIUS IX, SYLLABUS OF ERRORS (1864)
• Huge amount of concentrated capital was needed most during the first decades of
industrialization
• Labour intensive
• Transportation was expensive
• Technology was changing at an enormous speed
• Needed continual access to substantial amounts of money
• Drain on capital—every failed company meant money used to develop it was lost
• Relatively cheap food could be produced locally, cheaply and relatively easily
• Protein was available for people who could afford it (cheese, dairy, etc.)
• Brewing industry was created because of the application of pasteurization of beer
• Pasteurization was a great protection against tuberculosis
• Minds began to produce the necessary qualities
• Iron ore allowed for the expansion of the railroads (low-quality iron ore and scrap metal
could be used for tracks) previously, it was very expensive
• Adoption of the propeller on steam-powered ships in the 1850s (they were now very
reliable, fast, and cheap to operate)
• Sea routes improved (European shipping towards the East)
• 10 million tons of goods carried in 1840
• in 1950, there were 14000 miles of rail in all of Europe—by 1870 there were 78000
• new technology required due to the expansion of the railroad invention of the steam
brake, system of signalling
• i order to fiae the railroads, ased o a usiess pla iestors did’t ko if they
would work out and make money, could lose everything limited investment liability
was invented, so if the company went bankrupt, all one would lose was their investment
rather tha eig liale for opay’s det
• expansion of business all together required mobilization of capital
• rags to riches stories became very popular amongst literary circles
• victory of the mercantile and industrial middle classes challenged the old nobility for
social leadership
• old and new nobility almost merged due to belief that social nobility indicated nobility
of the mind
• Man became hero connected Europe and America cheaply
• Person that people wanted to be
• Oxford and Cambridge had programs in applied science and engineering because of him
• Technological wizards that would change the world
• Turn of 20th century man living from other peoples money seen as disgrace
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Document Summary
25/01/2016: person who makes their own self, earns money and success seen as better than born into wealth, conservatism and reaction on defensive. Increasingly believed that the poor were poor because of moral failings. Negative effect, fragmenting reaction on euro community. Failed human beings, had same opportunity they just did(cid:374)"t take it. The image of working class changed image of the wasteful, drunkard, lazy etc. Moral criminals that lacked discipline, character, ability to work hard. Solutio(cid:374) of pro(cid:271)le(cid:373) of (cid:449)orki(cid:374)g poor is(cid:374)"t to address the situatio(cid:374) they (cid:449)ork i(cid:374) but to try to make them better people. Because poverty was weak moral character it could be cured by addressing depravity of working class values salvation army formed (among others) Purpose (cid:449)as(cid:374)"t to i(cid:373)pro(cid:448)e life (cid:271)ut to sa(cid:448)e their souls. If poor widow were to receive warm bed, and meal they had to listen to sermon about hard-work. Middle (cid:272)lass (cid:449)o(cid:373)e(cid:374) for(cid:373)ed te(cid:373)pera(cid:374)(cid:272)e so(cid:272)ieties (cid:894)i(cid:374) toro(cid:374)to=wo(cid:373)e(cid:374)"s.
