PSYC 251 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Sequence Learning, Underlying Representation, Synaptic Weight
22 Jun 2018
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MOTOR REFLEXES & BRAINSTEM/ SPINALCHORD
Cortex -> Spinal Chord
o Axons form primary motor cortex synapse directly on slower motor
neurons and local circuit neurons
o However, spinal chord circuits also control movements on their own
Central Pattern Generators
o Local circuits in spinal chords
Can control complex movements
Can respond to environmental changes
Do not require higher-level input
***found when a cat's spine was cut (no brain imput), but the at
was still able to adjust faster/ slower movements on a changing
treadmill***
Motor Action & Muscles
o Lower motor neurons synapse directly on muscle fibers
o Release of neurotransmitter cases muscle fibers to contract
o Muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length and send them back to
spinal chord via dorsal root ganglia
For limbs with finer motor control, each motor neuron innervates
fewer muscle fibers
Brain-Machine Interfaces
Brain-Machine Interfaces
Tetraplegic
o paralyzed all four limbs as a result of brainstem stroke
Anarthic
o unable to speak as a result of brainstem stroke
Video
Robotic arm used to try and reach waterbottle
Struggle at start
Using "thoughts" to control robotic arm
Further Research
Work has continued since
May be easier to control limbs when you have feedback from them
o research working to send feedback from robotic arm in hopes to help
improve th econtrol of robotic systems
Another group is attemting to bypass the damaged brain stem through the use
of electrodes to control own arm.
1. ATTENTION
Intro
Characterizing Attention
Document Summary
Cortex -> spinal chord: axons form primary motor cortex synapse directly on slower motor neurons and local circuit neurons, however, spinal chord circuits also control movements on their own. Central pattern generators: local circuits in spinal chords. ***found when a cat"s spine was cut (no brain imput), but the at was still able to adjust faster/ slower movements on a changing treadmill*** For limbs with finer motor control, each motor neuron innervates fewer muscle fibers. Tetraplegic: paralyzed all four limbs as a result of brainstem stroke. Anarthic: unable to speak as a result of brainstem stroke. Robotic arm used to try and reach waterbottle. May be easier to control limbs when you have feedback from them research working to send feedback from robotic arm in hopes to help improve th econtrol of robotic systems. Another group is attemting to bypass the damaged brain stem through the use of electrodes to control own arm: attention.
