Biology 2581B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Null Allele, Stop Codon, Start Codon

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silveryellowjacket986

11 Feb 2017

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Based on origin: spontaneous vs. induced. Based on molecular change: base substitution. Key concepts: based on the effect on translation, based on the effect on function. Impact we see is on the protein when there is a mutation. Rna sequence: mutations happen at the rna level too (there are u at the sequence) A c coded by the arrangement. Some codons (triplets) are coding for the same amino acid. Silent mutation no change occurs in protein coding sequence; no change in amino acid level. = some triplets are coding for the same amino acid: does not matter what is there, it still codes for the alanine. Codons making one particular amino acids up to 6 different codons for one particular amino acid. Only one start codon met (very specific signal) Changing g to a: arginine rather than glycine this change is in the first position, mutation in first or second position of a codon get amino acid change.

Related Questions

please solve this:

Cancer Biology (Oncogenic Pathways)

The majority of malignant cells rely on dysregulation of a handful of oncogenes and their associated signaling pathways to support their abnormal proliferation and survival. The list below indicates the proteins that have become the âname sakeâ for these key dysregulated pathways. Note that sometimes the protein listed is mutated and drives the pathway (ex. Ras), but other times it is rarely mutated (ex. Akt where PI3K and PTEN mutations predominate).

Working together in your groups, please create a portfolio of âprofilesâ for the pathways shown below. For each pathway, include a map that links together the main proteins or molecules involved- ligands, receptors, transcription factors, etc... but always end with the ultimate effect on the cell! These pathway maps must be your own creation- do not copy other image files. For each protein or molecule you list in the map, please provide a âkeyâ that describes what it is, its specific function in the pathway, and detail where the most common pathogenic mutations occur in at least three proteins in the pathway (see below for details). Since these pathways can be extremely complex, you need not include more than three proteins or molecules at any one level in the pathway.

For information on the pathogenic mutations, use the COSMIC (catalogue of somatic muations in cancer) resource at http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic . Enter the gene/protein name Ã click on the gene name in table below Ã under âMutation Impactâ select Pathogenic Ã Apply. A bar graph depicting the various mutations will be shown, provide the number of confirmed mutations and the changes (DNA and amino acids) it causes at that site. For example, in the BRAF gene: 24,291 mutations have been confirmed that involve a T to A mutation at base 1799 which leads to a Valine (V) to Glutamic acid (E) amino acid substitution at position 600 (note this mutation constitutively activates the BRaf kinase).

Key Oncogenic Pathways to Profile:

Ras

Akt

Wnt

TGFB

Notch

Hedgehog

Grading will be based on aesthetic clarity, thoroughness and accuracy of the information.

Grading Rubric: 75 points total

Visuals: Aesthetic clarity 30 points

Pathways are well organized, easy to follow

activating and inhibitory relationships are readily apparent

Creative layout

Content: Thoroughness and Accuracy 30 points

All pathways completed

Essential level of detail in key

Answer these five questions.

1. A non-synonymous substitution is:

a) A mutation that changes the encoded amino acid.

b) A mutation that does not change the encoded amino acid.

c) A substitution of a G with a C or of an A with a T.

d) An insertion of a gene in a genome that substitutes a gene with a non-synonymous gene.

2. If the dN/dS ratio in a gene is smaller than 1, the gene is under selection to change the encoded protein sequence, for example, to evade host recognition.

a) False

b) True

3. A Multiple-locus VNTR analysis compares what between genomes?

a) The number of tandem repeats

b) Non-synonymous mutations

c) Mutation rates

d) SNPs

4. Anthrax is one of the most lethal infectious disease agents we know.

a) True

b) False

5. Why did the CDC not take action to protect postal workers when the second set of letters with anthrax spores were discovered?

a) Because anthrax spores were known to be too large to escape from a closed envelope.

b) Because postal workers did not get infected by handling the first set of letters.

c) Because the CDC misidentified the spores as harmless B. thuringiensis based on an antibody test

d) Because the CDC's mission does not include protecting postal workers from spores of an animal pathogen

greenminnow746

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)

skyminnow948

Biology 2581B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Null Allele, Stop Codon, Start Codon

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