Biology 3594A Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Acetaldehyde, Aldh2, Chloroplast Dna
13 May 2018
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Pic shows bias for dinucleotides that are underrepresented
Can show us biases in the sequence, not every combination of subsequence is equally likely
This is what chaos game theory shows about mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
Standard way of looking at DNA sequences is to line them up
We’re used to looking at a string of letters, line them up and match them as best as possible – this is how we compare them (90% identity for example)
Good for short sequence, comparing the two, seeing adaptations and evolution –regional, local, genic alignment
CGR can tell us about an overrepresentation of a dinucleotide (for example) in a whole genome
Good for comparing other genomes together as well
Visual representation with quantitative information behind it
People are starting to find more signatures within this using CGR (bullet list)
Not genic specificity, but plot changed as looking at more distantly related organisms –today people are studying genomic signatures, particular over and
underrepresentations of subsets of sequences
Deterministic –1 to 1 representative of what you put in
All the info is in there, you need to extract it and compare it to another plot
Controversy: paper –people wondering if they were practicing good bioethics
7 considerations! Each term, definition and being able to discuss*** IMPORTANT FOR THE MIDTERM AND FINAL
An embryo cannot consent and its autonomy is being contravened
End of paper: don’t throw out consent process, but working with proxy (parents) so that they understand the process and its significance
More short answer and essay discussion type questions vs. multiple choice
Dr. Suarez’s talk
Dissolution of modern human identity –we’re thinking about distinctives more than commonalities
Synthetic biology: last slide in previous deck
Is it something that is contributing to the dissolution of the modern self? If we can synthesize new genomes and make them more different, are we contributing to the
post-modern era of emphasizing and creating distinctives?
AI: humans see themselves as best, but this AI could be better
Know all these definitions
Posters
Do not put your name with the author’s
Put your name top left or top right –we are consultants, mediator with scientists
Required Readings: know the lecture amount of the paper
Primary research papers
Haemopoietic cells –produce all the cells within our blood
As we get older, these stem cells get depleted
Cancer: uncontrolled growth of these cells, leukemia
We’re going to use the figures from the paper
Anti-mutagen in alcohol in the news
ADH –enzyme with polymorphism in diff populations
Asian form of ADH, Caucasian form - metabolize ethanol at different rates and efficiencies
More efficient in Caucasians commonly
Ethanol metabolized to acetaldehyde and acetic acid
Acetaldehyde is harmful
A healthy metabolism of ethanol –would go straight to acetic acid, no build up of acetaldehyde
Polymorphisms in ADH and ALDH: not associated with the best outcomes of all acetic acid –Oriental populations where first reaction is faster than the second and
acetaldehyde build up –responsible for Asian glow…
Don’t need to draw molecules on the exam but know their names and the processes and direction of reactions
Endogenous: naturally?
Aldehydes are reactive
Alcohol –key evidence that drives research (research motivation)
Human interest because of mortality and cancers and toxicity
Alcohol is a part of daily life in some manner, important in cultures
Motivating factor in health concerns
Acetaldehyde is reactive to DNA, chemistry is already known
ALDH2 (written on slide in protein form) –alleles change its functionality
When function is hypomorphic or amorphic = cancer
Lec 6 Acetaldehyde Intro
May 13, 2018
12:02 AM
3594 Page 1
Document Summary
Pic shows bias for dinucleotides that are underrepresented. Can show us biases in the sequence, not every combination of subsequence is equally likely. This is what chaos game theory shows about mitochondrial and chloroplast dna. Standard way of looking at dna sequences is to line them up. We"re used to looki(cid:374)g at a stri(cid:374)g of letters, li(cid:374)e the(cid:373) up a(cid:374)d (cid:373)at(cid:272)h the(cid:373) as (cid:271)est as possi(cid:271)le this is how we compare them (90% identity for example) Good for short sequence, comparing the two, seeing adaptations and evolution regional, local, genic alignment. Cgr can tell us about an overrepresentation of a dinucleotide (for example) in a whole genome. Good for comparing other genomes together as well. People are starting to find more signatures within this using cgr (bullet list) Not genic specificity, but plot changed as looking at more distantly related organisms today people are studying genomic signatures, particular over and underrepresentations of subsets of sequences.
