Biology 3484A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Rotifer, Mitosis, Genetic Testing

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olivehornet844

24 Mar 2018

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Lineage common ancestor/moving in the same direction that is common: ho(cid:449)e(cid:448)er, ho(cid:449) to dra(cid:449) the (cid:271)ou(cid:374)daries arou(cid:374)d a (cid:858)spe(cid:272)ies(cid:859) (cid:894)(cid:272)alled (cid:858)deli(cid:373)itatio(cid:374)(cid:859)(cid:895) has led to serious debate. Species concept: over 20 different species concepts use to delimit species, commonly-used concepts include, morphological (typological) species concept, biological species concept, evolutionary species concept, phylogenetic species concept, ecological species concept. Morphological species concept linnaeus: defined as a group of individuals that differ from other groups by possessing constant diagnostic characters. In what situations is this concept preferable: good for extinct species because we have not much information about their behavior/niches (and no dna to extract) only a specimen is available. In sexual dimorphism different sexes may look a lot different than one another. Biological species concept: species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Related Questions

In the passages below, Darwin and Wallace both clearly define what a species is based on their observations of the natural world. They then provide explanations for how new species arise.

Excerpt from âThe Origin of Species and Genera (S322: 1880), January 1880 issue of Nineteenth Century,â by Alfred R. Wallace ... A species may be defined as a group of individuals of animals or plants which breed together freely and reproduce their like; whence it follows that all the individuals of a species, now living or which have lived, have descended from a few common ancestors, or perhaps from a single pair. Thus all horses, whether Shetland ponies, racers, or cart-horses, form one species, because they freely breed together, and are known to have all descended from a common stock. By the same test the common ass, the kiang, the quagga, and the zebra, are each shown to be distinct species; for though sometimes two of these species will breed together, they do not do so freely, they do not reproduce their like but an intermediate form called a mule, and these mules are not capable of reproducing their kind, as are the offspring of any pairs of a single species.

Excerpt from âOn the Origin of Species,â by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links. ...

ï¿¼ï¿¼Excerpt from On the Origin of Species, Chapter 4, by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram. ...

Question: From all these readings, is there evidence that both Darwin and Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection? Support your answer.

Are my answers to the following correct?

True, False, True, C and A,B,D

1. Species accumuation are used to estimate local, or alpha,diversity.

2. The shape of a species accumulation curve depends, in part,on the order in which sampes are processed.

3. Species accumulation curves are not needed when a completecensus is available.

4. Which of the following statements about beta deiversity isFALSE?

a. Beta diversity measures how quickly species compositionchanges across the landscape

b. There are a variety of different ways researchers havemeasured beta diversity

c. Relatively flat, homogeneous habitats tend to have higherbeta diversity

d. Beta diversity changes depending on the scale at which youmeasure it

5. Paul Ehrlich and E.O. Wilson offered a number of reasons toprotect biodiversity. What were they?

a. Earth cannot "survive" antoher mass extinction event

b. People have an aesthetic and moral obligation to protectEarth's species

c. Earth's biodiversity may provide us with important newresources in the future

d. Loss of biodiversity may reduce ecosystem services that wouldbe difficult to replace

False, False, True, True, Sahara dessert, Secular migration andSweetstakes route

6. Immigration rates decline as the size of an islandincrease.

7. Extinction rates decline as the number of species on anisland increases.

8. Extinction rates increase as the size of an islanddecreases.

9. All else being equal, turnover rates are higher on smallislands than on large ones.

10. When we think of islands, we often think of them as landmasses surrounded by water. Ecologists have suggested a muchbroader definition of an island. Which of the following would NOTbe viewed as an island by an ecologist?

a. Mountain top habitats

b. Urban parks

c. Caves

d. Sahara desert

11. Horses originated in North America and then migrates to Asiaand Europe. As they migrates, they evolved over many generationsinto the horse species we see today. This is an example of whichmigration type?

a. Diffusion

b. Jump dispersal

c. Secular migration

12. Horses went extinct in North American and did not returnuntil they were ferried in boats by European settlers (no landmammal can swim on its own across an ocean). From a horse'sperspective, the ocean barrier is best described as...?

a. Corridor

b. Filter

c. Sweepstakes route

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Biology 3484A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Rotifer, Mitosis, Genetic Testing

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