Biology 3601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Relative Humidity, Telmatobius, Isopoda

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4 Jan 2019

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Lecture 4 ion and water 2: maintaining water and ion balance on land. Ice is in a very low energy state: relative humidity = the humidity relative to the maximum saturation of air. In air, there is a certain amount of water vapour you can fit. Warmer air can hold more water vapour; cold air can hold less water vapour. Relative humidity is the amount of water that can be held. At -40, a relative humidity at 90% means that it"s almost no water in the air. When it"s very humid, you have a whole bunch of water vapour when it"s warm and it cools down overnight so it goes from 70% of relative humidity to being pass the point of saturation. The terrestrial earth is not really the domain of molluscs. The most successful terrestrial phyla are arthropods and vertebrates: measure as biomass, number of species, and etc.

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Background

Almost all animal and plant cells require oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. This is called gas exchange and it occurs by passive diffusion. Some animals do all or most of their gas exchange across their skin (for example amphibians) but they have very low metabolisms and use very little oxygen and get rid of very little carbon dioxide.

On the other hand humans (and other mammals) have very high metabolic requirements and we canât rely on gas exchange over the limited 1.5 to 2.0 square meters of our skin to get enough oxygen in and carbon dioxide out fast enough. Our gas exchange takes place across a very thin membrane in the Alveoli of the lung and the gas exchange surface in humans is estimated to be between 50 and 100 square meters, or between 25 and 67 times our skin surface area.

Our lungs provide a huge surface for gas exchange but they are a dead-end system. Once the oxygen in the lungs is used up it needs to be replenished and carbon dioxide builds up in the air spaces in the lungs and needs to get out. This is where the diaphragm and a few of the skeletal muscles become important. In its relaxed state the diaphragm is at its longest and the space in the thoracic cavity (and the lungs) is small. When the diaphragm contracts it shortens, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity (and the lungs). The increase in size means the pressure is lower in the lungs than outside so air comes into the lungs (inhalation). As the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs decrease in size enough that the pressure inside the lungs is higher than the external air pressure so air comes out (exhalation).

Introduction

In this lab you will be building a model of a lung and experimenting with different ways to breath.

Supplies:

In the Lab Kit

One round 9" balloon (one lung, we donât need two for this)
medium-sized plastic bag large enough to fit over bottom end of bottle (diaphragm)
medium-size, thin rubber band

You supply

plastic 2-liter soda bottle with bottom cut off (thoracic cavity)

Tape (optional)

Directions:

1. Insert the balloon through the open bottom of a modified 2-liter soda bottle and up over the neck of the bottle. Pull the end of the balloon over the edges of the neck of the bottle. The balloon is held open by the neck of the bottle.

2. Place the plastic bag over the bottom (open) end of the 2-liter bottle and use the rubber band to hold it in place. This will serve as the diaphragm. To inflate the lung, blow into the balloon just before you fasten the rubber band. You can also wrap tape over the edges of the plastic bag to minimize air leaks

3. Grasp the bottom of the plastic bag and pull it down and push it up. Watch as the "lungs" (the balloon) expand and contract as you do this. The balloon has to change size because the air space between the balloon and bottle must remain constant. (Well, it would if the seal around the plastic bag and bottle were perfect).

You may block the "trachea" (the neck of the bottle) so that the air supply is cut off and watch as nothing happens when the "diaphragm" is pushed in and out.

This model isnât perfect. None of the joints are air tight as they would be in a real thoracic cavity. Pull the âdiaphragm down and watch the lungs expand . If you hold it in place, the lungs will collapse again over time. This is because of leaks and is not how real lungs work. Pushing the diaphragm in and pulling it out over and over does give you an idea of how lungs work. As the diaphragm tightens, contracts (pull down on the plastic bag) the lungs fill with air. As the diaphragm relaxes (push up on the plastic bag) air is expelled from the lungs .

There are several different ways we breath, i.e. expand our thoracic cavity so that our lungs can expand. You have just made a demonstration model of the diaphragm at work. You can also use your rib cage to expand and contract so that you can inhale and exhale. There are muscles between and around your ribcage which you can use to change the size of your thoracic cavity.

This is approximately what your model of a lung will look like.

Answer the questions on the Report Page

Report Page Name

1. Put a hand on your lower ribcage and try moving your ribs out and in. Does air also move in and out?

2. Someone with an upper back or neck injury may not have the options of using diaphragm or ribs to breath. They can learn to use the clavicle and the muscles attached to expand their thoracic cavity a small amount and breathe independently for short periods of time. Put your hand on you clavicle and try to raise and lower just that bone without using your diaphragm or your ribs. It isnât easy but you should be able to get a little air into and out of your lungs this way. How effective do you think this way of breathing is?

3. When you take a really deep breath you use all these muscle groups to help. Take a really deep breath and notice that your ribs expand, your lower abdomen comes out (a sign that the diaphragm has contracted) and your shoulders lift a little (the upper chest and clavicle are working). Now take a relaxed breath. Only your abdomen should go in and out. The movement of your abdomen is a result of the contracting diaphragm pushing on the contents of your âgutâ which forces your abdomen to push out.

Do you breath in or out when your diaphragm contracts?\

4. If a hole were poked in your thoracic wall (the wall of the pop bottle â the hole should be at least the diameter of a pencil)

a. what would happen when you tried to breath? (This is a pneumothorax).

b. Is the space between the balloon and plastic bottle still required to remain constant?

5. Would it be possible to live with a paralyzed diaphragm? Explain your answer.

fuchsiamuskrat152

Living systems can be studied by way of the scientific method which involves which of the following?

Using only deductive reasoning and not inductive reasoning

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments and using controls

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments

Using many subjects, but doing no statistical analysis

Using many subjects but having no controls

Which of the following molecules has the least amount of energy that you can use for intense physical exercise?

A chemically specifically designed to signal uncontrolled cell growth

Water since it promotes all chemical reactions

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Protein

Nicotine produced in plants can be lethal to insects in that it causes a paralysis. Where does nicotine have its effect?

Nicotine receptors located in the nucleus of the cell

Nicotine receptors on the plasma membrane of brain cells

Nicotine receptors in the golgi bodies of neurons

Nicotine receptors on the mitochondria of brain cells

The aqueous (water) space between cells is which of the following?

Blood

Interstitial

Extracellular

Intracellular

All of these answers are correct

A hypo-osmotic solution can be defined as which of the following?

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyposmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyperosmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

A solution that is equal in concentration compared to another

A solution that is less concentrated relative to another

A solution that is more concentrated relative to another

Lactic acid in your muscles is the byproduct of which metabolic pathway?

Glycolysis

Electron Transport System

Krebs cycle

Glycolysis and oxygen

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breakdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

A series of chemical reactions that breakdown or catabolize protein to produce lactic acid in the presence of oxygen

A series of chemical reactions in the muscle cytoplasm that breaksdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

A series of chemical reactions that produce enzymes

During oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following is phosphorylated with the assistance of ATP synthase?

Cytochromes

ADP

ATP

NADH

Hydrogen ions

In all animals who use oxidative phorphorylation to generate ATP, the ultimate electron acceptor is directly transported to all cells by way of which of the following?

Hemoglobin

Red blood cells

Water (H2O)

Lungs

After NADH is reduced at the Electron Transport system, the hydrogen ion subsequently does which of the following?

Activates ATPsynthase

Activates Krebs cycle

Activates chemiosmosis

Oxidizes ATP

Reduces ATP

Which of the following has to exist for ATP synthase to be activated to directly produce ATP?

An oxygen gradient

A neutron gradient

An electron gradient

A proton gradient

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following occurs when oxyhemoglobin reaches the capillaries of heart muscle?

Releases oxygen which leaves the capillary and diffuses into the cell

Absorbs oxygen from the mitochondria

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the mitochondria to the capillary

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the capillary to the nucleus

Asexual reproduction: the first step to extinction
When species become asexual they could be taking the first stepto
extinction, say researchers who have been studying the geneticstructure
of Penicillium marneffei, an asexual fungus only found in parts ofsouthÂ
east Asia. Their research found that although P. marneffei sporeswere
able to spread over large distances on currents of air, they werenot able
to âinvadeâ the new environments in which they landed.
âWe believe the failure of P. marneffei to adapt to newenvironments is
because the fungus has largely dispensed with sexualreproduction.
Without sex, you will not have the mixing of genes it causes,something
all organisms need in order to be able to adapt to newenvironmentsâ, said
a member of the research team. Evolutionary theory predicts thatwhile
asexual organisms can initially prosper and out-compete theirsexual
cousins, they pay a price for being unable to adapt throughthe
recombination of genes caused by sexual reproduction.
DNA typing was used to show that different clones of the fungusare
found in different environments, and the researchers believe thatthe
adaptation of the fungus to these environments is limiting theirability to
adapt to other areas. They believe this is why P. marneffei isonly
endemic to a relatively small area of south-east Asia. Even thoughthe
6_________________________________________________________________
fungus makes spores which can spread over very large distances,the
researchers found that all the samples from any given locationwere
genetically very similar. This led them to the conclusion that thefungus
becomes highly adapted to its local environment, making ithighly
successful there, but stopping it spreading to other areas.
âBy being asexual, P. marneffei is not only limiting its ability toadapt, it
may be at risk of becoming extinct. If it is unable to adapt tonew
environments, it will be unable to adapt to changes in itscurrent
environment. While becoming asexual may provide short term
advantages to a species, in the long term, they are likely to endup in
evolutionâs ultimate dustbin â extinctionâ, concluded a member ofthe
research team

You should introduce your article by very briefly explaining thepurpose of
biological reproduction and touching upon the strategies used toachieve it, then
write your account using the following list as a guide to thepoints you should
discuss in your answer:
? How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction interms of
the biological processes involved and the genetic diversity andvariation of
the DNA produced?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual andsexual
reproduction?
In terms of survival and adaptation, which reproduction strategy ismore
likely to allow a species to evolve rapidly (or to become extinct)?In your
answer briefly describe the two main mechanisms used to creategenetic
variation. Also, explain the factors and pressures that are likelyto drive the
process of adaptation.

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Biology 3601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Relative Humidity, Telmatobius, Isopoda

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