Kinesiology 3339A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Peptide Bond, Carboxylic Acid, Condensation Reaction

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jadeporpoise270

22 Oct 2018

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Protein: made up of amino acids (20; different combinations make up different proteins) Few more aa than just 20, but 20 that combine together to make proteins. The particular aa and the order determines what proteins you have. Protein need you have is because we have amino acid need (and only specific amino acids) When eat protein that"s were we get dietary amino acids that we need. Amino acid: has a carboxyl group, has a carbon attached to it, the simplest amino acid, like glucose molecules, they form together to make glycogen, there can be small and big ones depending on length and complexity. Contractile proteins in muscle (muscle is 40% of weight)- 20% of muscle is protein. There is a lot of structure in body made of protein. Need protein others structural protein will decrease (loose muscle so performance goes down) As we get older we lose muscle mass so need to work hard to maintain it.

Related Questions

question 1

What would be the best guideline to a healthy diet according to your instructor which is validated by other resources.

	1.	Eat organic foods and primarily non-GMO foods.
	2.	Eat all your meals at home.
	3.	Eat a variety of foods.
	4.	Eat a vegetarian diet.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 2

A complete protein has all the 20 amino acids: 9 are essential for our body to consume and 11 our body makes on its own. We need 9 + 11 = complete protein to build muscle, repair cells, keep our immune system working properly, etc.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 3

It shouldn't be hard to reverse the GMO guidelines in this county.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 4

Out of a variety of foods you could eat, which one will make you feel the most full?

		Milkshake
		Salad
		Hamburg
		Beer, wine or hard liquors

5.00000 points

QUESTION 5

Which food has been identified as the food that cultures and people who have lived a very long life have always had in their diet?

		Chocolate
		Vegetables
		Whole grains
		Beans

5.00000 points

QUESTION 6

When we eat animal products: fish, turkey, chicken, duck, pork, beef, eggs, etc., these proteins when cooked give the body all the amino acids it needs to do the bodily functions that are dependent on protein.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 7

Trying new foods has value. Different foods gives the body more nutrition than having the same foods everyday. Your perception of food does change, thus how many times do you recommend to your family and friends to try a food they may not normally like throughout their life?

		2-3
		90-100
		7-8
		20

5.00000 points

QUESTION 8

Supplements should be taken with caution because they are unregulated by the FDA, they do not fall in the category of being food or medication.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 9

There is little scientific evidence that organic foods are more nutritious than conventionally grown foods.

True

False

Case Study Section 4 â Nitrogen Metabolism Based on âA Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy: A Case Study on Autosomal Recessive Inheritanceâ by Jacqueline Washington and Anne Zayaitz (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science) The Patient: Mathew Miller is a 7-day-old infant that is rushed to the emergency room by his parents Emma and Jacob Miller, Mennonites from Lancaster County, PA. Emmaâs pregnancy and delivery with Mathew was normal but he started having trouble nursing and now has completely stopped feeding. By the time they reach the emergency room Mathewâs limbs were rigid and he had had a seizure. The initial examination showed no infection and his x-rays were normal. The family history collected by the Doctor revealed that Emma and Jacob had had a previous son, Samuel that died at 9 days-of-age. There also is a history of unexplained childhood mortality on both sides of the family; Emmaâs mother had two sisters who died in the first year of their lives and Jacobâs father had a sister who died at 7 months of age. Emma also points out to the Doctor that Mathewâs diaper has a funny smell to it. Blood and urine samples were taken for testing and skin biopsies from Mathew, Emma, and Jacob were taken and tested for enzyme activity. The tests results showed that:

â¢ Mathewâs urine had elevated levels of the branched chain amino acids and their Î±-keto acid derivatives (which caused the sweet smell in his diapers)

â¢ Both Emma and Jacobâs skin biopsies had nearly normal levels of branched chain amino acid metabolism/enzyme activity

â¢ Mathewâs enzyme activity was less than 2% of normal

Question 1: What is the most likely diagnosis for Mathew?

A. Argininemia

B. Diabetes mellitus '

C. Maple syrup urine disease

D. Phenylketonuria

Question2: What enzyme did the skin biopsy test measure?

A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

B. Alanine aminotransferase

C. Phenylalanine hydroxylase

D. Branched-chain Î±-keto acid dehydrogenase complex

Question 3: This enzyme functions VERY similarly to two other enzymes that we have discussed, what are they?

A. Phosphofructokinase-1 and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPAse-1)

B. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and Î±-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

C. Urease and arginase

D. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase

Question 4: How did Mathew (and presumably Samuel) inherit the disease if both Emma and Jacob have normal enzyme activity levels?

A. Emma and Jacob must both be carriers for the disease but their one normal gene is enough to maintain enzyme activity levels.

B. The disease can happen spontaneously, there is no genetic link.

C. Jacob is not really the father of the boys.

D. The disease can skip generations.

Question 5: What would be the best diet for Mathew to follow to control his disease?

A. Atkinâs diet (low carbohydrates, high fat, and high protein)

B. Low protein

C. Low fat

D. No special diet will control the disease

Over the next 4 years Mathewâs metabolic disease is controlled by his special diet but he still suffers approximately 3 metabolic crises a year. These occur when amino acids accumulate in his blood leading to the swelling of his brain. Even something as simple as a cold or the flu can affect his amino acid levels and send his metabolism into crisis. Jacob and Emma decide that âWe cannot continue to live in constant fear that a minor infection or a simple cold or ear infection could kill our son. Even though we are doing everything we are supposed to, he is still getting sick and we are afraid we may lose Mathew.â They learn that some children with Mathewâs disease have undergone liver transplants and are effectively cured.

Question 6: How/why would a liver transplant effectively cure Mathewâs condition?

A. A new liver would be able to spread itâs genes throughout the body and correct the genetic disorder.

B. A new liver would more effectively respond to metabolic hormonal control.

C. A new liver would express the functional enzyme needed to metabolize the amino acids causing Mathewâs condition.

D. A new liver would produce more hemoglobin to transport oxygen more effectively.

The family is directed to Dr. Morton of Childrenâs Hospital of Pittsburgh, where transplant experts agree to list Mathew for a liver transplant. Jacob and Emma learn that children who receive a liver transplant have to take strong immunosuppressive drugs for the rest of their lives. It was also clear that there was a 40% possibility that Mathew could reject the liver and need a second transplant (which also might be rejected) or he could die from surgical complications.

Question 7: Assuming the liver transplant was successful and Mathew did not reject the new liver, what type of diet would Mathew be able to/need to eat?

A. He would still need to eat his special diet but he would be at less risk of a metabolic crisis

B. He could eat a normal diet

C. He would need to change to a high protein diet like Atkinâs

D. He would be on an all liquid diet

Question 8: Emma and Jacob decide they want to try to have another child. What would be the chance that this child would also have the disorder that Mathew and Samuel have/had?

A. 0 %

B. 25%

C. 50%

D. 75%

E. 100%

Question 9: If Mathew grew up, got married, and decided to have children, what would be the chance that his children would have the disorder? A. 0%, the liver transplant would have cured him

B. 25%

C. 50%

D. 100%

E. It would depend on his wife, if she was normal than there would be a 0% chance of his children having the disorder but 100% would be carriers, if she was a carrier than there would be a 50% chance of his children having the disorder and a 50% chance that they would be a carrier.

Question 10: The disorder is found in 1 in 200,000 infants throughout the US but 1 in 200 in the Amish and Mennonites of Lancaster County, PA. Why is there such a difference in the prevalence of the disease?

A. There are environmental factors associated with being Amish or Mennonites that increase the prevalence.

B. There is a large amount of genetic similarity within these populations because they tend to marry within the population so recessive disorders such as this are more likely.

C. The gene mutation is preferentially carried in Caucasians so when you average the prevalence across all races in the US the prevalence drops.

D. It is unknown why the prevalence is so much greater in Amish and Mennonites.

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation

Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)

lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus