Kinesiology 3474A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Social Cognitive Theory, Motor Skill, Observational Learning
1 May 2018
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Kinesiology 3474 - Psychology of Interventions (Midterm)
Lecture 8
Chapter 4 – Modeling
We repeat and learn the behaviours of those we have observed
A wide variety of terms, such as imitation, emulation, observational learning, and
modeling have been used to describe this process
We will term this process modeling and it can be thought of as how observation of
others, or the self, can be optimized to assist the learning of motor skills, as well as to
enhance motor skill performance; you can also use technology to see yourself to
improve performance
We are interested in modeling because it is one of the most common methods of
teaching and learning
Researchers have recently examined why athletes use modeling; they found three
reasons (functions):
1) Motor skill acquisition and execution (ex. The skill function)
2) Develop and execute sport strategies (ex. The strategy function)
3) Reach optimal arousal levels and mental states for physical performance (ex. The
performance function)
Research has shown that athletes of all skill levels employ the skill function most
frequently, followed by the strategy function and then the performance function
In addition, individual and independent sport athletes report greater use of the skill
and performance functions, and team and interactive sport athletes report greater use
of the strategy function
When should a model demonstrate?
- The most common approach in research studies is to have the model demonstrate
both before and during physical practice, and given the positive effects of modeling,
this appears to be effective (Ste-Marie et al., 2012)
- There are various different types of models; the two basic model types are others or the
self
- Others can be:
1) Peer or Non-peer (peer group – age, ability; non peer – adult, expert)
2) Skilled or Non-skilled
3) Mastery or Coping (multiple demonstrations, coping is used most with children
(non-skilled) with demonstration the model gets better = coping model will get
better); Fear of water? Coping will show fear of water but eventually the fear will
subside then become more confident in the water
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
We repeat and learn the behaviours of those we have observed. A wide variety of terms, such as imitation, emulation, observational learning, and modeling have been used to describe this process. We are interested in modeling because it is one of the most common methods of teaching and learning. Researchers have recently examined why athletes use modeling; they found three reasons (functions): motor skill acquisition and execution (ex. The skill function: develop and execute sport strategies (ex. The strategy function: reach optimal arousal levels and mental states for physical performance (ex. Research has shown that athletes of all skill levels employ the skill function most frequently, followed by the strategy function and then the performance function. In addition, individual and independent sport athletes report greater use of the skill and performance functions, and team and interactive sport athletes report greater use of the strategy function.
