Psychology 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Lobotomy, Psychotherapy, Convulsion
13 May 2018
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Treatment of Psychological disorders!
•there are 200 different forms of psychotherapy!
•psychotherapy - it is the treatment of emotional or behavioural problems through
psychological techniques!
Somatic Therapy
•use of drugs!
•typically used in conjunction with some form of “talking” therapy!
•treatment where you discuss problems !
•patient may be too depressed to talk or suicidal so talking therapy wont do any good !
•types of somatic therapy
•psychosurgery!
•have brain surgery in the absence of any obvious organic damage!
•Moniz - reports a calming effect for prefrontal lobotomy on aggressive
behaviour!
•he worked on chimps !
•so they thought it would work on people !
•take tools that look like ice pics and insert it into the eye where the prefrontal
lobes are!
•the patents weren't unconscious !
•you wiggle the pic around and disconnect the prefrontal lobes from
the rest of the brain !
•thats because they were thought to be involved in heavy duty
behaviour !
•patients who have this surgery to become docile and cal but
they also show other problems !
•IQ loss, lack of planning, severe lack of emotion and
death !
•simple, outpatient procedure !
•refined procedure is a Cingulectomy!
•you cut the cingulum bundle!
•fibers connecting prefrontal lobes to limbic system!
•it has fewer side effects!
•you may not be able to have strategy choices !
•helps for OCD!
•caution for any surgery this is a treatment for last resort !
•never on a patient who cant consent !
•irreversible!
•ECT (electro-convulsion therapy)
•Von Meduna!
•saw that patients with epileptic seizures improved in their mental
disorder after the attack !
•they used drugs to induce seizures but that did last for long!
•Cerletti uses electricity rather than drugs to induce seizures !
•less side effects then drugs !
•they were awake at the time and would hurt themselves !
•used to give an electrical shot to both hemispheres but this results in
language processing damage !
•the electricity is less then a second & applied to the head!
•wild firing of neutrons results in seizure and convulsions !
•Today patients are anesthetized and partially paralyzed prior to treatment !
•but this is new they never used to do that !
•this eliminates the convulsion and patient not hurting themselves!
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•right hemisphere only now a days so we don't damage verbal
memory !
•there is always a side effect!
•could be memory loss and verbal memory !
•requires 3-112 sessions within several weeks !
•only about 2.5% patients treated this way !
•it can cause permanent brain damage even at low dosages !
•not helpful for DID and schizophrenia but it was given to those patients in
the past !
•helps for people who are depressed!
Drug Therapy
•drugs are turned to immediately !
•useful psychoactive drugs introduced only about 50 years ago !
•french drug company produced chlorpromazine.. had a dramatic effect on schizophrenia !
•drug therapy relieves symptoms by altering synaptic communication via neurotransmitters!
•anti anxiety drugs !
•tranquilizers !
•have a calming effect !
•they lower excitability !
•heavily prescribed !
•one prescribed the sot was benzodiazepine (valium)!
•given for anxiety and other disorders!
•binds at specific reception sites and increases sensitivity of
GABA!
•you get more GABA functioning there !
•patients with neuroses prone to deficiency !
•occasionally use can be beneficial !
•can help reduce withdrawal !
•negative reinforcement !
•addictive physically and psychologically !
•chronic use is not recommended !
•can help reduce withdrawal symptoms !
•should include some other form of therapy !
•antidepressants!
•mood elevators !
•alter neurotransmitters!
•alters monoamines!
•norepinephrine, serotonina or dopamine !
•increase them !
•extremely depressed patients become less sad and more optimistic !
•Tricyclic (elavil)!
•it inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and NE!
•prescribed more often !
•have to be taken daily !
•takes 4 weeks to be effective!
•have fewer side effects!
•MAO inhibitor (Nardil)!
•inhibits MAO effectively leaving serotonin and NE in synapse !
•need daily use !
•takes 4 weeks to be effective!
•have a lot of side effects and need a special diet !
•certain drugs are effective for other disorders as well !
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
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