Psychology 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Frontal Lobe, Hard Wired, Toilet Training
13 May 2018
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Development !
•development - changes in abilities over time !
•what influences development !
•nature - maturation !
•nature determines the range !
•if you hit five feet tall is nature!
•nurture - learning !
•nurture chooses the alternatives !
•the expression of your height so 5’1 or 5’2 is environemtn !
•Stage like development !
•discontinuous!
•stages are separated by rapid growth !
•qualitative difference !
•butterfly changing !
•different stages!
•continuous development !
•smooth continual change !
•quantitative difference !
•fish changing !
•no stages !
•Normative and Individual !
•normative!
•typical sequence of change!
•look for consistency !
•methodology is cross sectional !
•look at people at different ages and see what one can do in respect
to the other !
•individual !
•consistency is not there!
•look at the individual!
•methodology is longitudinal !
•take one or a group of individuals and follow them over time !
•Brain development !
•at birth there are 100-200 billions neurons !
•neurons aren’t produced after second trimester!
•brain weight increases due to filial cells and myelination !
•number of synapses increases rapidly !
•cortical development “mirrors” emergence of abilities !
•frontal lobe develops last !
•responsible for higher order thinking !
•Taste and smell!
•like adult at birth !
•suck faster for sweet liquids and spit out salty liquid !
•for smell!
•pleasant expression for banana !
•rotten eggs you get a frown!
•hardwired at brith and due to nature!
•hearing!
•responds to wide variety of sounds !
•prefer complex sounds!
•especially sensitive to sounds in range of human voice !
•reading to infants in the womb!
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•they can recognize that !
•infants who were read a speciifc book enjoyed their mom reading cat in the
hat and no other book !
•1st few days of life infants turn head towards sound !
•discriminate sound sequences!
•Visual system !
•basic machinery working at birth !
•iris grey or blue pigment comes later!
•pupil not able to fully dilate!
•retina not completely formed !
•1st day of life!
•infants gaze at nearby objects and people !
•show visual tracking !
•turn head to keep object in view !
•visual accommodation is not well developed !
•they can focus 18-38cm !
•visual acuity about 20/600!
•it improves steadily over first eight months !
•3-4 months !
•some depth perception!
•roughly judge object distance!
•binocular vison only !
•can not judge distance with one eye covered !
•4-5 months !
•can reach for nearby toys!
•6-7 months!
•ability to accurately grasp !
•9-10 months !
•avoid dee end of visual clip !
•Motor development !
•at brith: bundle of reflexes !
•babinski reflex: toes fan when sole of foot touched !
•grasping reflex: finger clench object in hand !
•rooting relfex: heads turn to object on infants cheek!
•moro reflex: sudden shift in head position arms swing up words !
•most reflexes disappear as child grows !
•ex. babinski reflex should be gone by eight months !
•motor development is !
•cephalocaudal - progresses from head to feet!
•proximodistal - proceeds from centre of body to extremities !
•Milestones!
•1-5 months sits with support!
•5-9 months sit alone !
•6-12 months stand with furniture!
•9-16 months stands alone !
•9-17 months walks alone !
Piaget
•Jean Piaget and Cognitive development !
•observed his own kids!
•he found that kids don't think the same as adults!
•4 stagesof cogntiive dveelopment !
1. Sensory Motor Intelligence!
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Document Summary
1st few days of life infants turn head towards sound discriminate sound sequences. Visual system basic machinery working at birth iris grey or blue pigment comes later pupil not able to fully dilate retina not completely formed. 1st day of life infants gaze at nearby objects and people show visual tracking turn head to keep object in view visual accommodation is not well developed they can focus 18-38cm visual acuity about 20/600. 3-4 months it improves steadily over rst eight months some depth perception roughly judge object distance binocular vison only. 4-5 months can not judge distance with one eye covered can reach for nearby toys. Jean piaget and cognitive development observed his own kids he found that kids don"t think the same as adults. 7 year old can do conversational tasks/ reversible thinking. 11 years old higher level of abstraction like adults think logically ex. can play 20 questions by starting generally younger kids simply guess.
