BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Antimicrobial Resistance, Dna Replication, Cellular Respiration

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23 Sep 2016

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Bi110

Lecture 7

September 23rd, 2016

Module 13

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• All types of cells share basic features:

o Plasma membrane

o Cytoplasm: refers to everything inside the plasma membrane

▪ Cytosol: component of cytoplasm; aqueous solution inside. The

matrix everything else is floating in.)

▪ Organelles (Eukaryote. Vs. prokaryote): these are floating in

the cytosol.

▪ Cytoskeleton: collection of structural proteins, giving the shell

its shape and allowing them to move. All cell types have these

cytoskeleton proteins

o DNA organized into chromosomes (replication): structure and

arrangement can be different, but they all have chromosomes that

have to undergo DNA replication.

o Basic cellular functions: these 2 are common between cell types

▪ Electron transport chain: important for cellular respiration

▪ Transcription and translation (ribosomes): To get from DNA to

protein so DNA can be transcribed into RNA. FUNDAMENTAL

PROCESSES. Translation happens on ribosomes.

Prokaryotes

• Before nucleus

• 2/3 of the domains of life are exclusively prokaryotic

• Ex; e. coli

• DNA is folded into a structure forming a structure called a nucleoid

• DNA of prokaryotes is a circular chromosome that is all twisted to fit into the

cell

• One single chromosome is the entire genome

• In addition to their genome, they can have extra chromosomal pieces of DNA

called plasmids

• These can usually hold less than 10 genes, forming some sort of functional

property to the host cell

• They are not critical to survival but provide additional function, commonly

antibiotic resistance

• Plasmids are very easily shared between bacteria, which is why the antibiotic

resistance genes hook up with bacteria

Typical Eukaryotic Cell

• Similar structure with the addition of the nucleus

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Document Summary

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes: all types of cells share basic features, plasma membrane, cytoplasm: refers to everything inside the plasma membrane, cytosol: component of cytoplasm; aqueous solution inside. The matrix everything else is floating in. : organelles (eukaryote. Vs. prokaryote): these are floating in the cytosol: cytoskeleton: collection of structural proteins, giving the shell its shape and allowing them to move. Individual organelles can be isolated from eukaryotic cells: differential velocity is a way to isolate different components of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes(cid:495) genetic information: contain their genetic information, on one circular chromosome within a nucleoid and, on plasmids that can be transferred among individuals through a process called conjugation. What about synthetic cells: stories about when they first reported synthetic cells, * review the links on the slides * Ribosomes: unifying feature of all cell types, bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic are all slightly different.

Related Questions

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Antimicrobial Resistance, Dna Replication, Cellular Respiration

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