BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Endomembrane System, Chloroplast, Horizontal Gene Transfer
Document Summary
Midterm - covers everything we cover up to and including lecture on wednesday october 7th. **october 4th 2:00pm ba101 (bring clicker) review session** Earth 4. 6bya protocells 4bya prokaryotes 3. 5bya (aerobic respiration, cyanobacteria, and many more) primitive. Eukaryotes 2. 2bya (had a nucleus and other interior organelles: alpha proteolbacteria (from aerobic respiration) were engulfed by a primitive eukaryote and were maintained inside the cell. This processes of engulfing is called phagocytosis, however the overall process is called endosymbiosis: photosynthetic cyanobacteria were engulfed by a primitive eukaryotes and were maintained inside the cell. Genes on the genome of the original endosymbiont have been transferred to the nucleus (losing the genes, but it still needs the proteins) so protein synthesis occurs and is imported into the chloroplast as a nuclear encoded protein. Advantage to this transfer: having genes in one location. Organelles that originate from the er, but are not part of the endomembrane system when it comes to protein trafficking.
