BI110 Lecture : Chapter 3 Summary Notes Complete summary of chapter 3, including all topics covered in lecture in depth, with definitions, and explanations. Cuts all the excess fluff in the textbook, straight to the point biology

What are the features a prokaryotic cell?

What type of genome do bacterial and archaeal organisms have?

Know the different types of horizontal gene transfer and be able to define them.

Know the different types of metabolism that bacteria and archaea can use and be able to identify if an organism is an autotroph, chemotroph, chemoautotroph, potoheterotroph, photoautotroph from a description.

What is the difference between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis?

What are oxidation/reduction reactions?

What are the geochemical cycles that bacteria and archaea are involved in?

Why are archaea often called extremophiles? What kind of environments can they live in?

What is the human biome?

1. Which statement is FALSE regarding bacterial and archaeal cells?

Select one:

A. Archaeal and bacterial plasma membranes consist of a thin bilayer of lipid molecules penetrated by proteins.

B. Bacteria and archaea have group specific specializations in their cell envelope.

C. Archaea can have a single- or double-layered membrane.

D. Bacteria can have a single- or double-layered membrane.

E. Both bacteria and archaea have a layer of peptidoglycan in their cell envelope.

2.Which reason is MOST probable for why carbon is used in living organisms but not silicon?

Select one:

A. Carbon can make four bonds, whereas silicon can only make three.

B. Silicon is heavier, and therefore its bonds are stronger.

C. Carbon can form more preferred geometries when bonding.

D. Carbon is lighter, and therefore its bonds are stronger.

E. Carbon can make double bonds, but silicon cannot.

3.

Which statement is TRUE regarding energy sources used by organisms?

Select one:

A. All phototrophs are autotrophs that can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

B. Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy source.

C. Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

D. All phototrophs are autotrophs.

E. All chemotrophs are heterotrophs.

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.