BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Ct Scan, Punnett Square, Motility

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Biology Exam review 2014 grade 11

Levels of organization of life-

Least complex → most complex:

1. Cells

2. Tissues

3. Organs

4. Organ systems

5. Organism

Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform the same function

• 4 types:

1. Epithelial: protective covering inside and outside of body

2. Connective: for support and structure

3. Muscle: responsible for movement

4. Nervous: communication between organ systems

Organ: structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue that performs a specific

job

Organ system: group of organs that work together to carry particular functions- there

are 11

CAT scan (computed Axial Tomography): outlines bone, soft tissue and blood vessels

inside the body (bone injuries, lung and chest, cancer detection)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): soft tissue evaluation, structure and function

(ligament and tendon injury, spinal cord, brain tumors etc.) Does not use radiation like

CAT scan.

The Digestive system

Is the break down of large macromolecules into smaller molecules so that they

can be absorbed by the circulatory system and used by cells. Consists of:

4 steps to digestion

1. Ingestion- the taking in of nutrients

2. Digestion- the mechanical and chemical break down of food into

molecules

3. Absorption- the passing of the broken down molecules into the

bloodstream (mostly in small intestine)

4. Elimination- the removal of undigested food from the body

Processes:

o Mechanical / physical: involves chewing and breaking food into smaller

pieces and physical movement of food

o Chemical: involves enzymes to break food down into macromolecules

and nutrients

Pathway of food:

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1. Mouth (ingestion, digestion, mechanical and chemical)

• Mechanical digestion begins; teeth chew and break down food into

smaller particles so chemical digestion happens faster

• Chemical digestion begins; mouth secretes saliva containing…

o Mucus- keeps food moist

o Amylase (ENZYME): begins to break down starch

• Tongue pushes food to back of mouth, going down the pharynx. Next,

the tong blocks the mouth, the soft palate closes off the nose and the

epiglottis closes over the trachea

2. Esophagus

• Swallowing reflex moves the bolus down the esophagus. Bolus is

moved to the stomach by peristalsis.

o Peristalsis: are rhythmic smooth muscle contractions; food is

slowly propelled down the esophagus

• Cardiac sphincter lets food into the stomach and it controls the

amount

3. Stomach (digestion, mechanical and chemical)

• Cardiac sphincter: controls movement of bolus into the stomach and

prevents stomach acid fro re-entering the esophagus

• Salivary amylase: swallowed from mouth, continues to digest starch

(carbs) until the pH gets to low (AMYLASE DOES NOT FUNCTION AT

LOW PH LEVELS)

• Mechanically the stomach churns, contracts together to mix and

separate the food into pieces

• Glands in the stomach secrete gastric juice (chemical) containing

o Hydrochloric acid (HCl): has a pH at 1-3, helps digestion.

LOW PH ALO KILLS PATHOGENS

▪ Stomach lining is protected by a regenerating coating

mucous

o Pepsin: HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin

▪ Pepsin digests proteins (proteins → polypeptides)

▪ Senses can increase the production/ secretion of these

gastric juices

▪ Carbs and fats are broken down

▪ If its too acidic enzymes will not function

• Partially digested liquid food is a chyme

4. Small intestine (digestion, chemical, absorption)

• The pyloric sphincter regulates movement of chyme into the small

intestine in small amounts

• Divided into 3 sections:

o Duodenum: digestion of proteins and carbs, digestion of fat

begins

o Jejunum

o Ileum

• Organs:

o Liver: produces bile to dissolve fats

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o Gall bladder: stores bile until needed. A common bile duct

connects the liver and gall bladder to the duodenum to release

bile into small intestine

o Pancreas: produces pancreatic juices which is released in the

duodenum in the pancreatic duct

▪ When HCl enters the small intestine, prosecretin is

converted to secretin (HCl + prosecretin= secretin)

• Secretin is absorbed in blood and signals

pancreas to make bicarbonate ions. These ions

neutralize chyme, leaving the small intestine

basic. This is how small intestine is protected

from acids- pepsin is inactivated because it is

basic

o Then, trypsinogen + enterokinase= trypsin

▪ Trypsin breaks down long polypeptides into shorter

chains (peptides)

o Then, erepsin is released to break down the peptides into

amino acids

o Amylase is released to complete carbohydrate digestion

o Lipases are enzymes released to break down fats into glycerol

and fatty acids

o Inner walls of intestine are covered small projections called

villi and these are covered with even thinner projections

called microvilli. The villi is extended into the small intestine

which increases surface area for absorption

o Liver: filters (removes) toxins and it stores bile until needed

o CCK (cholecystokinin): a hormone is released in the small

intestine when fats enter the small intestine to the duodenum

to release bile

▪ CCK is absorbed into the blood and carried to the gall

bladder in order to signal the release of bile salts

5. Large intestine

• Ileocaecal valve prevents waste products from re-entering the small

intestine.

o Water and minerals are absorbed from undigested food

o Bacteria helps to further the breakdown of undigested food

o Organs:

▪ Ascending colon

▪ Transverse colon

▪ Descending colon

6. Rectum and anus (elimination)

• Rectum stores waste which is then expelled

LIVER FUNCTIONS

Synthesis

→ Produces bile salts that are made in the gall bladder and

the emulsify fats breaking them into smaller droplets

→Makes blood protein from amino acids, found in blood

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Document Summary

Least complex most complex: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism. Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform the same function: 4 types, epithelial: protective covering inside and outside of body, connective: for support and structure, muscle: responsible for movement, nervous: communication between organ systems. Organ: structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue that performs a specific job. Organ system: group of organs that work together to carry particular functions- there are 11. Cat scan (computed axial tomography): outlines bone, soft tissue and blood vessels inside the body (bone injuries, lung and chest, cancer detection) Mri (magnetic resonance imaging): soft tissue evaluation, structure and function (ligament and tendon injury, spinal cord, brain tumors etc. ) Is the break down of large macromolecules into smaller molecules so that they can be absorbed by the circulatory system and used by cells.

Related Questions

[email protected]

Tue 9/19/2017 4:17 PM

To:

[email protected];

Here is the exam review for our next major lecture exam which will be on Monday. Notice that there are a few things missing, such as endochondral ossification. These will be added so just because it does not show up on this exam review doesn't mean you shouldn't study it. That being said, the details of each and every bone which I've gone over in lecture will be on the lab practical rather than the written lecture exam.

Anat 1, Exam 2. Spr 2016 LASC Name:____________________________________________________

1) A synarthrosis: a) is filled with synovial fluid. b) allow for a wide range of movement. c) includes the squamosal suture. d) is exemplified by the shoulder. e) all of the above.

2) Bursae: a) are located in the right atrium. b) are like elastomeric shock absorbers. c) are found in skeletal muscle fibers. d) form the sarcoplasmic reticulum. e) none of the above.

3) Irregular bones: a) can act like cams. b) can provide sites for muscle attachment. c) can protect soft-tissue organs. d) can act as levers. e) all of the above.

4) Condyles: a) are smooth articular surfaces. b) allow blood vessels to enter the bones. c) occur beneath the nail body after an injury. d) are produced by infected sebaceous glands. e) none of the above.

5) A head: a) is where you will find hyaline cartilage. b) is a smooth articular surface. c) is where a bone meshes with another bone. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

6) Which of the following is the proper sequence of things following a bone fracture: a) hematoma, fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling. b) hematoma, bony callus, fibrous callus, remodeling. c) hematoma, remodeling, fibrous callus, bony callus. d) hematoma, remodeling, bony callus, fibrous callus. e) fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling, hematoma.

7) A diaphysis: a) contains yellow bone marrow. b) contain a lot of spongy bone tissue. c) occurs at the ends of long bones. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

8) Short bones: a) protect underlying soft tissue organs. b) include the ribs. c) include the cranial bones of the skull. d) transfer mechanical forces. e) all of the above.

9) Fibrous joints: a) contain cruciate ligaments. b) include the pubic symphysis. c) are typically found in third class levering systems. d) include the lambdoid suture. e) all of the above.

10) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) tibiofibular joint. b) dentino-alveolar joint.
c) intervertebral disc. d) radioulnar articulation. e) cartilage.

11) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) atlanto-occipital joint. b) humero-ulnar joint. c) frontal suture d) acromio-humeral joint. e) tibiotarsal joint.

12) Hyaluronic acid: a) forms the extracellular matrix. b) is found in fibrous joints. c) keeps cartilage soft and pliable. d) is found in synostoses. e) none of the above.

13) First class levers: a) include the tibio-tarsal joint. b) have the effort between the fulcrum and the load. c) are like a teeter-totter. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

14) Synchondroses: a) are typically synovial joints. b) allow for very limited movement. c) include sutures and gomphoses. d) are encased in synovial capsules. e) none of the above.

15) Parallel muscles: a) have long excursions. b) include the abdominal muscles. c) have excellent endurance. d) have low strength. e) all of the above.

16) Sphincteral muscles: a) enclose openings or passageways. b) are used when you talk.
c) surround the eyes. d) include the orbicularis oculi. e) all of the above.

17) Pennate muscle architecture: a) is typified by the pectoralis major. b) have high endurance.
c) generates high strength. d) has a longer excursion. e) all of the above

18) Endomysium: a) consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. b) surrounds each fasciculus.
c) surrounds bundles of muscle cells. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

19) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

20) A tuberosity: a) is a hollow opening. b) is a shallow smooth articular surface. c) is a raised area that adjoins a condyle. d) is a larger outwardly curved articular surface. e) is a raised, rough-textured area.

21) Which of these doesnât belong? a) tuberosity b) trochanter c) condyle d) tubercle e) lunula

22) Epimysium: a) wraps around the entire muscle. b) is made of dense fibrous connective tissue. c) is continuous with tendons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

23) Which of the following is more likely to be an insertion rather than an origin? a) ulna.
b) cervical vertebra. c) thoracic vertebra. d) rib. e) Ischium.

24) Which of the following is more likely to be an origin rather than an insertion? a) clavicle.
b) tibia. c) radius. d) ulna. e) metatarsal.

25) Myofibrils: a) are composed of many muscle fibers. b) are composed of many muscle cells.
c) are composed of many sarcomeres. d) form the endomysium. e) all of the above.

26) Myosin: a) helps keep muscle cells from overstretching. b) is a protein. c) joins thin filaments together. d) forms part of the z-disc. e) all of the above.

27) Sarcolemma: a) surrounds the entire muscle organ. b) surrounds the endomysium.
c) is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. d) surrounds the epimysium. e) none of the above.

28) Thin filaments: a) are made of titin. b) are pulled on by the thick filaments during contraction.
c) create the molecular âpower-strokeâ. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

29) A second class lever: a) is like a wheel barrow. b) is like a teeter-totter. c) describes the humeroulnar joint. d) describes the atlanto-occipital joint. e) none of the above.

30) A sarcomere: a) is the basic unit of muscle function. b) is made mostly of proteins. c) shortens during a contraction. d) delivers an âall or noneâ response. e) all of the above.

31) Fast glycolytic fibers: a) have excellent endurance. b) deliver lots of power.
c) are more reddish in color than oxidative fibers. d) none of the above. e) all of the above.

32) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Vastus lateralus. b) Vastus intermedius. c) Vastus medialis. d) Rectus Femoris. e) Gluteus minimus.

33) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Teres major. b) Teres minor. c) subscapularis.
d) infraspinatus. e) supraspinatus.

34) Tendon sheaths: a) are filled with synovial fluid. b) can be likened to brake and shifter cable sheathing on a bike. c) are found around the carpal bones. d) really make life unpleasant if they get inflamed. e) all of the above.

35) Epithelial tissues: a) function in movement. b) conduct electrical impulses. c) form a structure for attachment of other organs. d) form barriers and walls. e) all of the above.

36) Elastic connective tissue: a) is found in bone. b) lines the inside of the trachea. c)Is found in small blood vessels like capillaries. d) is found in large arteries. e) all of the above.

37) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

38) Dense regular connective tissue: a) is poorly vascularized. b) heals slowly if at all. c) forms tendons and ligaments. d) can look a lot like smooth muscle under the microscope. e) all of the above.

39) Transitional epithelium: a) lines the urinary bladder. b) lines the blood vessels. c) contains cilia. d) joins the epidermis to the dermis. e) none of the above.

40) Skeletal muscle: a) responds to conscious thought. b) is found in the heart. c) is found in the walls of blood vessels and the GI tract. d) is composed of very small cells. e) all of the above.

For the following matching questions, each choice is used only once.

41) Fibroblast a) maintains bone tissue
42) Mast Cell b) secretes mucus
43) Chondrocyte c) responsible for inflammation response
44) Osteocyte d) makes collagen fibers
45) Goblet Cell e) maintains cartilage

For the following true-false questions, mark âAâ for true and âBâ for false.

46) Simple cuboidal epithelium is lines the trachea and Fallopian tubes/oviducts.
47) Elastic cartilage joins the ribs to the sternum.
48) An insertion is the more movable point of muscle attachment.
49) Tendons connect muscle to muscle or bone to bone.
50) Ligaments connect muscle to bone.
51) Transverse tubules allow nutrients to be dispersed throughout very large muscle cells.
52) Muscle twitch occurs when only a few muscle cells in the entire muscle are fully contracted.
53) Slow oxidative fibers have poor strength but excellent endurance.
54) Muscles can lengthen under their own power as well as contract.
55) Pottâs fracture is typical of skateboarders.
56) An incomplete fracture is a complete break through the entire bone.
57) Tetanus is the recruitment of additional fibers during muscle contraction.
58) Menisci are like elastomeric shock absorbers.
59) Diarthrotic joints allow for little to no movement.
60) A belly is the contractile portion of a muscle.
61) Synergistic muscles work with each other.
62) Muscle tissue, like your lab instructorâs evil twin before his morning coffee, is irritable.

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BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Ct Scan, Punnett Square, Motility

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