PS101 Lecture Notes - Iceberg, Behaviorism, Defence Mechanisms
Summing Trait Ideas
● Stable (maybe)
● Observable
● May be genetic/environmental influences
● Comes from within
Infants have different temperaments, predisposition towards future personality (irritable,
explorative)
Situationist: Behavioural Background
● Skinner
● Environment impacts on you - you respond
● Stimulus response
● Consistency in people = stable responses to environment (enviro has shaped us to be
who we are)
Interactionist: Behavioural-Cognitive Approach
● Bandura
● Differences = product from what comes from without (environment)
● Behaviourism plus (added cognition)
● Add cognitive variables - competencies, encoding strategies, beliefs and expectancies
(cognitive approach, allowing for things from inside and from environment)
Psychodynamic
● What people do and say are the tip of the iceberg
● Motives and desires lie buried beneath the surface (below consciousness, hidden)
● Dynamic because the forces are pitted against each other
● Freud
○ Humanity = “seething cauldron” of pleasure seeking
○ Strive for gratification
○ Tame by civilization
○ Childhood - time of taming
○ Starts external - parents (parents are first civilizing agents)
○ Becomes internal
○ Reassertion taming throughout life
Freud and the Psychoanalytic Approach
● How much of your activities and thought do you control? How much is automatic?
● Freud’s theory very controversial - proposed following processes:
○ Much due to unconscious processes
○ Sexuality is a primary drive
○ Children have sexual feelings (rejected)
Organization of Awareness
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Document Summary
Infants have different temperaments, predisposition towards future personality (irritable, explorative) Environment impacts on you - you respond. Consistency in people = stable responses to environment (enviro has shaped us to be who we are) Differences = product from what comes from without (environment) Add cognitive variables - competencies, encoding strategies, beliefs and expectancies (cognitive approach, allowing for things from inside and from environment) What people do and say are the tip of the iceberg. Motives and desires lie buried beneath the surface (below consciousness, hidden) Dynamic because the forces are pitted against each other. Humanity = seething cauldron of pleasure seeking. Starts external - parents (parents are first civilizing agents) Freud"s theory very controversial - proposed following processes: Preconscious: events out of awareness that can be recalled. Unconscious: primary motivating force of behaviour, contains repressed memories, instincts, and wishes that have never been allowed into consciousness. Operates on the pleasure principle (seeks pleasure, avoids pain, wants immediate gratification)
