PS102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Kanzi, Noam Chomsky, Pragmatics
PS102 LECTURE 18
• • 6-9 months: Later babbling (Playing with the sounds of the language he is hearing in the
environment)
• • 9-15 months: Onset of first words (Usually Da and then ba- If you are bilingual you will
increase
language milestone but it will be 50-50 because of wider sound range) o Useitorloseit
• • 12-20 months: One word at a time
• • 18-24 months: V ocabulary spurt
• • 24-26 months: multi-word sentences
• • 36-48 months: “Mom, Daddy said I could have some chocolate milk and I think I’ll have it in
the pink
sippie cup”
o After3years,old,ifthechildisn’tsayingwordsthentheremaybeachildlanguagedisorder
One Word- Stage
• Holophrastic- One word many meanings • Errors
o Overextensions-Wordisusedtooliberally-specificwordapplytothingsitshouldnot (Daddy=Man)
o Under-extensions-Generalwordbutchildrestrictstospecificcases(Drink=Juiceonly)
Two-Word Stage
• • Telegraphic Speech (by 2 years of age)
• • Basic sentences:
o Demands o Questions o Possession
o Statements
• Pragmatics (by 3 years of age)
o Basicunderstandingofpracticalinformationregardinglanguage
More Complex Speech
• Preschool Complex Speech
o Fullsentences,somegrammaticalflaws
Over-regularization- English past tense (e.g., runned) and plurals (e.g., gooses)
o Byage10,achievedover10,000wordsbutinlowerincomefamiliesitslessbecausetheyhave less opportunities
Theories of Language Acquisition • Behaviourists
• Nativists
• Interactionists
o Cognitive
o Socialcommunication
Behaviourists (Skinner)
• • Learn through direct reinforcement/punishment
• • Imitation
• • Shaping
• • Problems- doesn’t explain creativity in utterances or errors in speech (“mine got two beets”)
o Trynottocorrectchildiftheyaren’treadybecausetheywillbeangry
Nativists
• • Children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language (Chomsky)
• • LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
• • Sensitive period: most proficient at learning a language between 2 and puberty
• • Limitations:
o Accountofgrammaranditsdevelopmentislimited o Adultscanlearn,anddosoeffectively
Interactionists
• • Language is learned/used in social context
• • Biological contribution supports language learning
Language and the Brain
• • Broca’s Area- Broca’s aphasia which results in the difficulty of producing phonemes
(Language
production)
• • Wernicke’s area- Wernicke’s aphasia results in the difficulty using morphemes (Producing
sentences are
meaningless) Language: Uniquely Human?
• Many animals communicate with each other using vocalizations, signals, or sequences of behaviour
Animals and Language
• • Primate studies
Document Summary
One word- stage: holophrastic- one word many meanings errors, overextensions-wordisusedtooliberally-specificwordapplytothingsitshouldnot (daddy=man, under-extensions-generalwordbutchildrestrictstospecificcases(drink=juiceonly) Two-word stage: telegraphic speech (by 2 years of age, basic sentences, demands o questions o possession, statements, pragmatics (by 3 years of age, basicunderstandingofpracticalinformationregardinglanguage. More complex speech: preschool complex speech, fullsentences,somegrammaticalflaws. Over-regularization- english past tense (e. g. , runned) and plurals (e. g. , gooses: byage10,achievedover10,000wordsbutinlowerincomefamiliesitslessbecausetheyhave less opportunities. Theories of language acquisition behaviourists: nativists, interactionists, cognitive, socialcommunication. Behaviourists (skinner: learn through direct reinforcement/punishment, imitation, shaping, problems- doesn"t explain creativity in utterances or errors in speech ( mine got two beets , trynottocorrectchildiftheyaren"treadybecausetheywillbeangry. Nativists: children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language (chomsky, lad (language acquisition device, sensitive period: most proficient at learning a language between 2 and puberty, limitations, accountofgrammaranditsdevelopmentislimited o adultscanlearn,anddosoeffectively. Interactionists: language is learned/used in social context, biological contribution supports language learning. Kanzi: bonobo chimpanzee, 1980 born, 500 words, distinguished word order (subject-verb-object, but, didn"t understand the grammatical words: o putthesnakesonvs. inthebox.
