SY101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Heidi Hartmann, Glass Ceiling, Private Sphere
SY 101 - D: Lecture: Monday, November 13th:
Lecture Notes: Gender Inequality:
Dual Systems Theory:
- feminist theory that examines the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism
- Class = axis of exploitation in capitalism
- Sex/Gender = axis of oppression in patriarchy
● Heidi Hartmann:
- patriarchy and capitalism: patriarchy is materially based in the control over women’s labour by
men
● Gendered Division of Labour:
1. Men = Public sphere
- Men are the breadwinners (Productive Labour)
2. Women = Private sphere
-Unpaid Reproductive Labour (anything the cares, nurtures, educates, brings up, doesn’t
produce a material good, reproducing the population)
- There is no production without reproduction & reproductive labour itself productive
- You don't have a productive economy if people are not performing reproductive labour
Occupational Sexism:
- a series of discriminatory practices, actions, statements, and rewards based on a person’s sex
that occur in the employment setting
● Financial Measures of Occupational Sexism:
a) Wage Discrimination: a man is paid more than a woman in the same job
b) Wage Gap: how much a woman is paid for working in a similar job to a man
- 1969 = Women only 59% of man
- Since 1995: plateaued around 71%
● Gender Pay Equity:
- equal pay for equal work of equal value or the equal dollar value of different jobs
- it is established in gender-neutral terms by comparing jobs in terms by comparing jobs in terms
of the education and experience needed to do them and the stress, responsibility, and working
conditions associated with them
Occupational Segregation:
- women and men are concentrated in different types of work
a) Horizontal Occupational Segregation: a division of labour in paid employment where
women and men are concentrated in different occupations
b) Vertical Occupational Segregation: men are predominant in highest paid and status
occupations (in traditional male and female occupations)
● Horizontal Segregation:
- a division of labour in paid employment where women and men are concentrated in different
occupations
- Pink Collar Ghetto: feminized jobs that are treated as low skilled and are low paid
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● Vertical Occupational Segregation in Canada:
- men are predominant in highest paid and status occupations (in traditional male and female
occupations)
- though women comprised 48% of Canada’s labour force, only 0.32% of them hold senior
management roles
- Canada’s top 100 paid CEO’s, 2014: only 2 women (Linda Hasenfratz, #23 (10m), Dawn
Farrell, #92 (4.5m))
- Glass Ceiling Effect: gender discrimination creates invisible barriers that prevent women from
being promoted into top-level positions in their organizations
- Segregation in Law Firms:
● Fiona Kay, Professor of Sociology, Queen's University
● Masculine cultural capital predominates
● Females excluded from acquiring social capital (networking possibilities)
● Less upward mobility (glass ceiling)
Textbook Notes: Chapter 8 - Gender Inequality:
Gendered Division of Labour: was institutionalized as work tasks were based on sex differences
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