BIOL 3155 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Genital Wart, Cervical Cancer, Immune System

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17 Feb 2018

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Basic concepts in immunology : defense form infectious diseases. Immunology is the study of our protection form and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells, most of them are related viruses. The immune system can recognize the viruses inside the cells. Viruses in many cases activate the immune system in the only way to fight the disease. Eg, the smallpox eradication was only done by the vaccine. It manipulated the immune system to kick the virus out entirely. We get infected by viruses all the time, but the immune system controls this infection by keeping the viruses in place. The immunity is unchanged but we"ll still come down with the disease. Some drugs reduce the activity of the immune system more people who are immunocompromised the normal amount of pathogen causes problems. The hpv virus in people with aids for example. When the immunity is being activated for no reason autoimmune diseases.

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1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme rendersthe protein non-functional. How would the affect the HIV infectioncycle?

Formation of the provirus would be stopped.
Reverse transcription would no longer be possible.
The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5receptor.
Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.

2. If the viral gene is AUGCCCAGG and the mRNA used to make theviral protein is UACGGGUCC, then the virus is a :

Negative strand RNA virus
Double stranded DNA virus
Retrovirus
Positive strand RNA virus

3. Would treating prions with enzymes that digest nucleotides bean effective neutralization method?

No, prions lack amino acids.
Yes, prion nucleic acids would be susceptible to enzymaticdigestion.
No, prions lack phosphodiester bonds and would not be subject todigestion by these types of enzymes.
Yes, the bonds between the amino acids would be hydrolyzed.

4. Most Americans born before 1970 have a permanent scar ontheir shoulders from the smallpox vaccine. Why don't youngerAmericans have one?

Smallpox has been eradicated by a worldwide vaccinationprogram.
Smallpox is no longer lethal.
A safer less damaging vaccine was developed in the early1970's.
The vaccine is no longer effective due to antigenic shift.

5. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to causeinfections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicalsthat would destroy all proteinaceous material?

A virus
A bacterium
A prion
A fungus
A viroid

6. Select all of the false statements concerning AIDS.

AIDS kills the patient.
Patients die as a result of opportunisticinfections.
AIDS shuts down the immune system.
HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from thebloodstream.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from the patient'sbody.

7. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Viruses only attack epithelial cells, such as the cells liningthe lungs.
If a host cell is weakened, viruses have an easier time infectingit.
The initial choice is random but once a cell type is chosen itbecomes the preferred host.
The host cells have the correct surface receptor that the virus canfit into.
Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.

8. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highlyeffective against many types of viruses. They work by halting thereplication of viral genes. They are equally effective at stoppingthe spread of prion diseases.

True
False

9. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleavephosphodiester bonds. How would the affect a virus?

Dissociate the envelope
Fragment the genome
Hydrolyze the protein coating
Alter the host binding site
Digest the capsid

10. HIV uses cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Whydoes switching from a CCR5 co-receptor to a CXCR4 co-receptoreventually shut down the immune system?

Macrophages have CCR5 co-receptors.
T-helper cells have CXCR4 co-receptors.
T-helper cells are not involved in coordinating immuneresponses.
Only macrophages are killed by HIV.

erinhornet258

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

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What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

Pathogen

Rotomers

Antigen

Antibody

Troll receptor

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QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

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What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

To kill infected B cells

To help balance electrolytes

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

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QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

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The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

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QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

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In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

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QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

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An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

When the immune system is not present

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

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QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

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Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

All of the above

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QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

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The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

Herpes Simplex

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

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QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

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Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

Retretoxin and butotoxin

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

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QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

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Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

STDs are transmitted through sex only

STDs are usually caused by viruses

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QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

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HIV has which of the following characteristics?

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

1. during inflamation fluid will passively diffuse out of blod vessels into the nearby infected tissue. This implies all of the following EXCEPT

a.the osmolarity of the fluid surrounding infected tissues is higher than the plasma b the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids c near by cappilaries have become more pearmeable d B-lymphocyte will differeniate to become plasma cell

2. which of the following best describe the qualities of most antigens?

a macromolecules that are foreign to the host b atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body c macromolecules tah tare produced by the host organism d atomic elements that are harmful or toxic

3. an adbantages to adaptive immunity is

a its memory cell that provide quicker larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen b its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure c the ability for its individul cells to respond to many differnt pathogens d the use of antibodies that cause cells lysis and kill invading cells

4, an advantages of innate immunity is

a its a barrier taht prevent pathogens from entering into the body b the specifcity of its individual cell which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen c the numerous step in the activation of its cell that can prevent autoimmune disease d the use of the antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cell

5. B- lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune sys for all of the following reason but one Which of the following is NOT one part of reason B lyphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

a they produce memory cell when activated b their receptors will bind to only one antigen c they require costimulation from an activated T helper cell d thet are a first line of defense that can begin killing

6. Over lap in the innate and adaptive immune sys is seen in all of the following examples but one Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the over lap of innate and adaptive immune resposes ??? a dendritic cell presenting antigen on their MHC II proteins to T helper cells b macrophage becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines realesed by T helper cells c natural killer cell causing of an abnoraml host cell lacking MHC proteins d Plasma cell that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimetly allow mast cell to relase histamine

7. Which of the following examples below describe an autoimmune disease? a infection and death of T helper cells bya virus resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity b realse of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine realse result is muscle paralysis c antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of hte motor end palte resulting in muscle weakness.d uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by natural killer cell.

8. Which of he following does NOT describe actions of interferon IFN? a virally infected cell can release interferon which attracts natural killer cell to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell b IFN binds to normal uninfected cell stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti viral proteins c IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed bt phagocytosis d IFN can penetrate the virla capsid and destroy the virus

BIOL 3155 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Genital Wart, Cervical Cancer, Immune System

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