HUMA 1160 Lecture Notes - Deductive Reasoning, Political Philosophy

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30 Mar 2014

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Question 2 of test, full answer: argument of design, hume" argument of causality, criticism in part 2. Question 3, start by what is meant by state of nature, rights of nature, laws of nature and obligation of nature. Dema wants to say, objects in the world are always dependent on something other than themselves. Demea wants to say for any and every object. Demea: you can take any contingent existence and you can trace it back through a series of other contingent existences, but what demea says is you cannot go back to infinity. Demea claims rather than explaining what caused what, it further puts off what caused it. The contingent can only be explained by a being who can cause other things to happen without being caused themselves. The cause of the world has to be an uncaused cause. The nature of god"s existence is god turns out to be necessarily existent.

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Almost all organs in the human body have a rather largethreshold within which the organ or tissue is capable of repairingitself using materials supplied by the body, whether it's made fromorganic tissue or structural proteins. Wounds and minor damage tothe skin or flesh for example heal by themselves, skin, nails andbody hair can grow back if damaged or removed, even most bones canbe repaired autonomously by a biological body. Cutting off asignificant chunk from the human flesh or removing over 90% of ahair or a nail would cause no permanent injury, and the body iscapable of repairing the damage over time with ease. The vastmajority of the human body (not counting critical organs such asthe heart or the brain) can be "grown back" to an extent by itself,because such parts have a rather large damage threshold.

On the contrary, teeth do not. There is a certain threshold inwhich tooth enamel can be supplied and "repaired" by the body to anminimal degree, but past that point virtually any damage caused toteeth are permanently irreparable by natural means. Which is quitestrange, given how fragile a set of human teeth is, be it chemicalor physical damage. Especially if you take more "artificial" causesinto account. A moderately heavy object aimed towards a humanmouth, for example, can easily render ten to fifteen teethpermanently damaged past the point of recovery within a heartbeat,also causing the said person's digestive process to be heavilyimpaired.

Another strange fact worth noting, is that the human body iscapable of producing two separate set of teeth due to biologicalgrowth and size differences, but not more than that. Wouldn't it bebeneficial for a biological body to be able to supply new teeth inthe place of ones that have been damaged or removed? One couldargue that such an action would be too complex and impossible,similarly to growing back an entire limb or a spare heart, butgiven the material that makes up teeth and its fragile nature, itwould be safe to assume that it is biologically possible,especially given the fact that the human body DOES produce twoseparate set of teeth over its lifespan.

However, even stranger still, is that the only element capableof damaging or deteriorating teeth by natural means, is theconsumed food itself, and the acidic bacteria foundwithin. Several types of edible food consumable by human means arecapable of damaging the enamel to critical levels within relativelyshort periods of time, even non-artificial ones. What happenedbefore the invention of the toothbrush and various dental cleaningmethods? Why haven't humans evolved in the past tens of thousandsof years to the point where repairing or regrowing teeth by naturalmeans is feasible? Simply put, why don't teeth grow back contraryto hair, nails or skin?

What is the biological and evolutionary reason behindteeth being so fragile and indisposable?

QUESTION 11

A sustainable environment means to be maintained indefinitely and when we use products that have been altered by GMO's, genetically modified organisms, those crops cannot reproduce themselves.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 12

Which foods would not make a complement of 20 amino acids, to make a complete protein?

		Corn and beans
		Brown rice and peas
		Peanut butter and white bread
		Yogurt and walnuts

5.00000 points

QUESTION 13

Which nutrition tip would you not recommend?

		It is recommended to chew your food well.
		It is recommended to go long periods of time without eating to loose weight.
		When you eat out you can expect to get more salt and fat from the food.
		Eating often will not cause weight gain because one is less likely to overeat.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 14

Regarding fiber, which one is not correct?

		If you want to add fiber in your diet also eat the seeds and skins in fruits and vegetables.
		The removal of the outer husk or bran from our wheat diminished the integrity of our grains.
		The lack of fiber in the Western diet (that's our diet) was causing gastrointestinal problems that many countries and continents had not seen: diverticulitis, diverticulosis, constipation, increase in colon cancers, etc.
		You cannot eat too much fiber.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 15

Whey protein is a protein in milk that is most efficient in building muscle.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 16

Quinoa has been around for thousands of years, it is gluten free and a complete protein.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 17

Most of us donât get enough Vitamin D since our sun exposure is limited in the northern states. Vitamin D is made in our body with the help of the ultraviolet rays from the sun being absorbed by the skin. Vitamin D is vital for our immune system, skeletal structure hormone balance, and other bodily functions.

In answering this question, the other way we can get Vitamin D is primarily by eating fruits.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 18

The hypothalamus is our brain's appetite control center.

True

False

5.00000 points

QUESTION 19

The following explains information about antioxidants but one, which one is incorrect?

		We can't stop aging or get rid of the sun or live in a perfectly clean world but we can provide our body antioxidants that will fight free radicals.
		We know from our readings antioxidants are vitamin K and the minerals biotin and selenium.
		The foods with antioxidants are: all berries are great (strawberries, blackberries, blueberries, etc.), green leafy vegetables, carrots, tomatoes, dark chocolate, nuts, kidney beans and all beans, all herbs and foods mother nature provides us.
		The most effective compounds that can fight off free radicals are antioxidants, just as the name implies they counteract oxidation, the harmful reaction that takes place.

5.00000 points

QUESTION 20

It's best to drink beverages without calories. The calories from food leave us more satisfied than fluids and it's much easier to get additional unwanted calories from sodas, juices and lattes.

True False

5.00000 points

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.

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HUMA 1160 Lecture Notes - Deductive Reasoning, Political Philosophy

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