NEED HELP PLEASE. CAN YOU PLEASE DO IT ALL NOT JUST ANSWER ONE.

MY ANIMALS ARE: HUMAN, KANGAROO, RHESUS MONKEY, BULLFROG, LAMPREY, SNAPPING TURTLE, TUNA, AND EARTHWORM

Step 3: Cytochrome c Analysis

Scientists have found that almost all living organisms have a gene that codes for a protein called Cytochrome c. This chart lists the amino acids found in the Cytochrome c protein of some of the organisms on your cladogram.

Note: not all the organisms you used will be in the chart; as such, you can focus this analysis on the animals that are in the chart. If you only chose three animals that are in the chart, you should probably extend your amino acid analysis to include a couple animals that arenât on your cladogram.

You will use the data provided in this chart to compare and analyze the amino acid sequences for Cytochrome c among these organisms. Be sure that your comparison considers the entire amino acid sequence, through amino acid 112, and not just the first lines of the chart. Once you have compared the sequences, you will write a discussion about your findings.

Amino Acid Sequences in Cytochome-C Proteins

1-30

Amino Acid Position Number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Human, Chimpanzee

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

I

M

K

C

S

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Rhesus Monkey

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

I

M

K

C

S

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Horse

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Pig, Cow, Sheep

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Dog

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Gray Whale

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Rabbit

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Kangaroo

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Penguin

-

G

D

I

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

S

O

C

H

T

V

E

K

Snapping Turtle

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

K

Bullfrog

-

G

D

V

E

K

G

K

I

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

C

E

K

Tuna

-

G

D

V

A

K

G

K

T

F

V

Q

K

C

A

Q

C

H

T

V

E

N

31-60

Amino Acid Position Number

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

Human, Chimpanzee

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

N

Rhesus Monkey

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

N

Horse

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

T

Y

T

D

A

N

Pig, Cow, Sheep

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Dog

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Gray Whale

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Rabbit

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Kangaroo

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

N

G

I

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

P

G

F

T

Y

T

D

A

N

Penguin

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

I

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Snapping Turtle

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

N

G

L

I

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

F

S

Y

T

E

A

N

Rattlesnake

G

K

H

K

T

G

P

N

L

H

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

V

G

Y

S

Y

T

A

N

Bullfrog

G

K

H

K

V

G

P

N

L

Y

G

L

I

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

G

F

S

Y

T

D

A

N

Tuna

G

K

H

K

V

G

P

N

L

W

G

L

F

G

R

K

T

G

Q

A

E

G

Y

S

Y

T

D

A

N

61-90

Amino Acid Position Number

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

38

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

Human, Chimpanzee

K

N

K

G

I

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rhesus Monkey

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Horse

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

K

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Pig, Cow, Sheep

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Dog

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Gray Whale

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rabbit

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Kangaroo

K

N

K

G

I

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Penguin

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Snapping Turtle

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Rattlesnake

K

N

K

G

I

W

G

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

V

F

Bullfrog

K

N

K

G

I

T

W

G

E

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

Tuna

K

S

K

G

I

V

W

N

D

T

L

M

E

Y

L

E

N

P

K

Y

I

P

G

T

K

M

I

F

91-112

Amino Acid Position Number

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

Human, Chimpanzee

V

G

I

K

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Rhesus Monkey

V

G

I

K

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Horse

A

G

I

K

T

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Common Zebra

A

G

I

K

T

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Pig, Cow, Sheep

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

E

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Dog

A

G

I

K

T

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

K

E

Gray Whale

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Rabbit

A

G

I

K

D

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Kangaroo

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

A

T

N

E

Penguin

A

G

I

K

S

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

D

A

T

S

K

Snapping Turtle

A

G

I

K

A

E

R

A

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

D

A

T

S

K

Rattlesnake

T

G

L

K

E

R

T

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

E

A

T

A

K

Bullfrog

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

Q

D

L

I

A

Y

L

K

S

A

C

S

K

Tuna

A

G

I

K

G

E

R

Q

D

L

V

A

Y

L

K

S

A

T

S

-

More information:

Cytochrome c is a protein used in cellular respiration by most eukaryotes, which is why it's a very common protein to use for comparisons. You don't need to know anything about cellular respiration or the protein itself to do this analysis; just remember that a protein is a specific chain of amino acids.

Which amino acids are found, and the order in which they're found (their sequence), determine the shape, structure, and function of the protein. Also remember that an amino acid sequence is directly determined by the DNA sequence, so similarities in one also indicate similarities in the other.

Please note that the entire sequence of 112 amino acids represents one protein, and this sequence data is all one chart, not four. As such, your analysis should consider the sequence as a whole, and not amino acids 1 â 30, then amino acids 31 â 60, etc.

Be careful not to read too much into the differences you find. Since this analysis only looks at one protein, you will not be able to connect differences here to specific differences in traits between organisms. In other words, it might be that all animals with a placenta have a âVâ at a particular location, while animals without a placenta have either a âCâ or a âK.â That similarity helps us confirm that those animals with a placenta are more closely related to each other than to the others, but the âVâ does not code for the placenta, nor is it related to that particular trait at all.

How to Analyze the Data

While you analyze the data that you are given to identify similarities and differences, be sure to use specific data to draw your comparisons, hypotheses, and discussions from. It is especially helpful to quantitatively compare data. A good way to do this, or at least to start, is to pick one species as a starting point or âbaselineâ and then compare the amount of differences between that and each other species. Be careful, though, about the conclusions you draw â if species B and C each have 5 differences from species A, then they could have anywhere from 0 to 10 differences with each other!

Once youâve compared each animal to a baseline animal, you should also compare other pairs of species so that you can discuss their specific relationships. If you only have a few animals with data to analyze in part C, you could simply make this comparison for every pair. If you have 6 or 7 animals, then you could pick just a few pairs to compare.

There are other legitimate ways to form quantitative data â for instance, you could focus on specific locations where most animals have the same amino acid, but some are different. These types of analysis tend to be harder to interpret, though. If you choose to use them, I suggest that you still complete at least some of the above types of analysis as well.

The discussion topics that I'm looking for are:

Use the chart to compare the amino acid sequences for the organisms. Do this in a way that lets you obtain quantitative (numerical) data; see above for suggestions.

Hypothesize about how closely related the different organisms are, based on the amino acid data in the chart.

In particular, focus on organisms that are also found on your phylogenetic tree, but you may choose to discuss others, too. That would be especially helpful if you used only three or four of the organisms that are also in the chart, or if one or more organisms that you did not include in your tree jump out at you as being especially similar or especially different from the ones you did include.

This does not need to be in the form of a formal hypothesis; that is, you do not need to put this in âif/then/becauseâ form.

Because âhow closely relatedâ can be interpreted in many ways, itâs often helpful to put this in relative terms: âAnimal D is the closest relative to Animal A.â âAnimals C and B are more closely related to each other than either one is to Animal D.â

Discuss how this analysis compares to the relationships that were shown on your phylogenetic tree.

To start, does the Cytochrome c data agree or disagree with the relationships shown on the tree?

Remember that "discuss" means more than simply identifying whether the relationships are the same or different as what is shown. You can also suggest why they're likely the same, or what possible differences could imply, if anything. See the note at the end of âMore Informationâ above â donât read TOO MUCH into any one piece of data!

If your amino acid analysis included animals that werenât on your cladogram, you could use your amino acid data to speculate where they likely âfitâ on the cladogram.

The phrase âcommon ancestorâ should show up somewhere in this discussion.

Please be aware that Step 3 should be written as a short essay, not a list or set of questions and answers. You may include a chart or table for the quantitative data you identified, but the key findings should also be written in sentence form. Once youâve finished writing this, please proofread for spelling, grammar, and writing clarity.

Step 3 should be a sizeable portion of this portfolio. I expect that your analysis should be about 250 â 400 words long in order to thoroughly analyze the data and discuss the questions.

ambermuskrat111

#17, and 30

be parametric esjuations for a tb) C i v i) C intersects esactly one e ine containing the point -1.3. intersects the xy and ntion voctor to find another esqua ne line with the Korm 17) Let C be the line the ine eontaining the point a) Give parametric ejuastions for c (b) Write an equation for C in on vector to find another equa for the same 18. Let C be the line deterimined by the tt (a) Provide a vector b) Give parametricequations fore c 19. Let C be the line determined by the the points where the line + bt.to t et) eplanes. Ia-0, esplain (a) Provide a vector (b) Write an equation for C in s, determine wbether the the distance between the c. 20. We wish to find the distance from C as shown in the figure that fo dinates of points P and Pa, but we do dinates of point Q (a) Ifyuknew the measure of angle Î¸ llows Wek sect, find the point of intent know th- t.5-3,6+7. weould find the distance from point P to lanes r2()3-,4+3t,5-2 Applications ne. Explain why the vation in Washington State. She tonic wastes in one of the tank tank farm is huge, and she d is leaking. Worse yet, the tank g the tanks would req tank farm, an operation that Instead, Emmy has wells dug the tank farm, to try to trace the earth's surface is conside the bottom of the tank farm the distance is given in f taminated groundwater at (1033, 247,-55). If the w of one of the tanks and i what is the location of th the line does not ow you can distance from point P to line C even if you do ne know the measure of angle Î¸. line containing use the tech- ization for the 24. P023.5), ds(23.5) 25,Pi-1, 3, 7. d = (2,0,4) the leak? eyuivalent.6. Ptbc 53. lan is climbing Mountl He has made a secon mountain. He does n 27, P3, 1), d= (2 5) 28, p(1.3,-2, 4), d= (4,-1,5, 8) In Exercises 29-34, find an equation of the line containing the Proofs ntaning the given pair of points. Express your answer (a) as a vector p ess your an- rametrization, (b) in terms of parametric equations,and ( n 54. Let Ci and C be line symmetric form. 29. P(O,0,0), Q(4,-1,6) and P2 and Qa poin C2 if and only if P â¢P(3,-1,7), Q(5,8,-2)

Hi, So I collected the data and just need answers for these questions. not sure where to start and don't understand them. Please, answer all or don't answer. Thanks in advance and I appreicate it. I'll rate it if you do answer all, and I appreciate your help!Conclusions:

1. Create a data table that displays the voltage of each trial (Ecell) and the temperature of each trial. Then, calculate and display as a calculated column ?G for the cell at each of the temperatures, using ?G = -n F E.

2. Calculate a ?G0 value for each temperature, given that ?G = ?G0 + RT ? ln Q, and include a calculated column for this in your data table.

3. Calculate and include a column for an E0 value for 25 0C, given your E0 value and the relationship ?G0 = -nFE0 . Using the standard reduction potential table, calculate an accepted E0 value at 250C. Then, calculate your percentage of error. Offer explanation for why these values are different!

4. Determine the equilibrium constant K for this reaction from your value of ?G0 at 250C, given that ?G0 = - RT ? ln K. Include a calculated column in your data table for K. Assume 250C for the standard free energy in order to determine the equilibrium constant.

5. What is the relationship between temperature and cell potential, E?

6. What is the relationship between cell potential, E, and ?G? Explain why this makes sense!

7. Define the Faraday constant, F.

8. Are most oxidation/reduction reactions exothermic, endothermic, or both, do you think? Explain why you think this?

9. Should your reaction be exothermic or endothermic? Explain in terms of your calculated energy and/or voltage values!

10. From your value of ?G0 at 250C, and an accepted value of ?S0 , calculate the ?H0 for this reaction at standard temperature conditions. Is this consistent with your answer to number 9? Explain!

JP 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Honda L Engine, Tonkatsu, Cutlet

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