KINE 2031 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Prolactin, Lightdark, Pineal Gland
2 Jul 2018
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Central Endocrine Glands
General Principles of Endocrinology
-Hormones are long-distance chemical messengers secreted by ductless endocrine
glands into blood, which transports hormones to specific target sites where they
control particular function by altering protein activity within target cells
-Hormones categorized based on differences in solubility:
1. Hydrophilic hormones- peptide & catecholamines
2. Lipophilic (hydrophobic)- steroid & thyroid
-Endocrine important in regulating metabolism, h20 & electrolyte balance, growth &
reproduction, stress cope
-Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
-Secretory output of endocrine glands is influenced by:
1. Neural input
2. Input of another hormone – tropic hormone or inhibitory input from target
cell hormones
-Endocrine dysfunction arises when too much or too little of any hormone is secreted
or when theres decreased target-cell responsiveness to hormone
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
-Hypothalamus secreted 9 peptide hormones
o2 are stored in posterior pituitary- vasopressin & oxytocin
o7 regulate release of anterior pituitary hormones
-Posterior pituitary hormones are independently in response to hypothalamus signals
oVasopressin conserve water during urine formations by acting on distal &
collecting tubules
oOxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth & milk ejection
during breast feeding
-Anterior pituitary secretes 6 different peptide hormones that it produces. 5
hormones are tropic
oTSH stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
oAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates secretions of cortisol by
adrenal cortex
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