MODR 1760 Lecture 5: class 5
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Case Study â Bethesda Mining Company Bethesda Mining is a midsized coal mining company with 20 mines located in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky. The company operates deep mines as well as strip mines. Most of the coal mined is sold under contract, with excess production sold on the spot market. The coal mining industry, especially high-sulfur coal operations such as Bethesda, has been hard-hit by environmental regulations. Recently, however, a combination of increased demand for coal and new pollution reduction technologies has led to an improved market demand for high-sulfur coal. Bethesda has just been approached by Mid-Ohio Electric Company with a request to supply coal for its electric generators for the next four years. Bethesda Mining does not have enough excess capacity at its existing mines to guarantee the contract. The company is considering opening a strip mine in Ohio on 5,000 acres of land purchased 10 years ago for $5.4 million. Based on a recent appraisal, the company feels it could receive $7.3 million on an after-tax basis if it sold the land today. Strip mining is a process where the layers of topsoil above a coal vein are removed and the exposed coal is removed. Some time ago, the company would simply remove the coal and leave the land in an unusable condition. Changes in mining regulations now force a company to reclaim the land; that is, when the mining is completed, the land must be restored to near its original condition. The land can then be used for other purposes. As they are currently operating at full capacity, Bethesda will need to purchase additional equipment, which will cost $43 million. The equipment will be depreciated on a seven-year MACRS schedule. The contract only runs for four years. At that time the coal from the site will be entirely mined. The company feels that the equipment can be sold for 60 percent of its initial purchase price. However, Bethesda plans to open another strip mine at that time and will use the equipment at the new mine. The contract calls for the delivery of 500,000 tons of coal per year at a price of $60 per ton. Bethesda Mining feels that coal production will be 750,000 tons, 810,000 tons, 830,000 tons, and 720,000 tons, respectively, over the next four years. The excess production will be sold in the spot market at an average of $48 per ton, Variable costs amount to $21 per ton and fixed costs are $3.7 million per year. The mine will require a net working capital investment of 5 percent of sales. The net working capital (âNWCâ) will be built up in the year prior to the sales. Bethesda will be responsible for reclaiming the land at termination of the mining. This will occur in Year 5. The company uses an outside company for reclamation of all the companyâs strip mines. It is estimated the cost of reclamation will be $3.9 million. After the land is reclaimed, the company plans to donate the land to the state for use as a public park and recreation area as a condition to receive the necessary mining permits. This will occur in Year 5 and result in a charitable expense deduction of $7.3 million. Bethesda faces a 38 percent tax rate and has a 12 percent required return on new strip mine projects. Assume a loss in any year will result in a tax credit. You have been approached by the president of the company with a request to analyze the project. Calculate the payback period, profitability index, net present value, and internal rate of return for the new strip mine. Should Bethesda Mining take the contract and open the mine?
| 1. Calculate the Sales Forecast for this Project: | ||||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | |
| Tons produced | ||||
| Contract sales price | ||||
| Spot sales price | ||||
| Contract sales | ||||
| Spot sales | ||||
| Total Sales | ||||
| 2. Cash Flow Today: | ||||
| Equipment | ||||
| Land | ||||
| NWC | ||||
| Total | - | |||
| 3. Calculate the Operating Cash Flows for years 1 to 6 | ||||||
| Tons produced | ||||||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | |
| Sales | ||||||
| Variable costs | ||||||
| Fixed costs | ||||||
| Depreciation | ||||||
| Earnings before tax | ||||||
| Tax | ||||||
| Net Income | ||||||
| Operating Cash Flow | ||||||
| Depreciation Calculation: | - | |||||
| Rate* | Depreciation | |||||
| Yr 1 | 14.29% | |||||
| Yr 2 | 24.49% | |||||
| Yr 3 | 17.49% | |||||
| Yr 4 | 12.49% | |||||
| Yr 5 | 8.93% | |||||
| Yr 6 | 8.92% | |||||
| Yr 7 | 8.93% | |||||
| Yr 8 | 4.46% | |||||
| 100.00% | ||||||
| *per IRS table A-1 | ||||||
The following table contains approximate figures for the gross domestic product (GDP) and the national debt in the United States for June 2005 and June 2011. The national debt represents the total amount of money owed by the federal government to holders of U.S. securities. All numbers are in trillions of dollars.
| GDP | Total National Debt | Debt Held by |
Debt Held Outside Fed. Govt. and Fed. Reserve |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Trillions of Dollars) | (Trillions of Dollars) | Federal Government | Foreign Ownership | U.S. Ownership | |
| and Federal Reserve | (Trillions of Dollars) | (Trillions of Dollars) | |||
| (Trillions of Dollars) | |||||
| June 2005 | 12.3 | 7.8 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| June 2011 | 15.2 | 14.3 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 5.2 |
Source: U.S. Treasury, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
1. Publicly held debt is the portion of the national debt that is held outside the federal government and the Federal Reserve System. In June 2005, the publicly held debt as a percentage of the total national debt was (49%; 53.8%; 48.7%; 49.5%).
2. In June 2005, the percentage of the U.S. national debt held by foreigners was (24.9%; 24.4%; 26.5%; 25.8%).
3. The fraction of the national debt held by foreigners will eventually need to be repaid to foreigners, thereby reducing the collective purchasing power of Americans. Between 2005 and 2011, the fraction of the national debt held by foreigners (decreased, increased).
4. The absolute level of the debt does not necessarily provide a clear indication of a nation's debt burden. Thus, economists often look at relative measures of the national debt. One possible relative measure of the national debt is the federal debt held by the public (outside the federal government and the Federal Reserve) as a percentage of GDP. In 2005, publicly held debt was (51.0%; 50.5%; 46.2%; 30.9%) of GDP. Between 2005 and 2011, publicly held debt as a percentage of GDP (Increased, Decreased).
