NATS 1740 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Fermion, Vacuum Energy, Quantum Cosmology
19 May 2018
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NATS 1740
TUES, MARCH 28
We know there are over 100 billion visible galaxies because of the deep hubble
Mass of galaxy is several times bigger than mass of stars
So the mass of our galaxy, 5% is coming from dark clouds and molecules of all clouds and it is
invisible matter
CONTRIBUTION of galactic masses to mass of whole universe
4% of total unviese comes from stars and universe and 96% of the universe we cannot see
neutrinos are part of dark energy
galaxies live in clusters and super clusters
the clouds of dark matter between the galaxies keep them together
outside superclusters is pure vacuum.
Per cm2 400 neutrinos go through skin at speed of light
Neutrinos have 25 electron volts and tere are so many that their mass in theh universe is 19x
bigger than all the mass of s tars
Neutrinos go through everything at speed of light and aare very heavy
The idea of putting bosons and formions together and you assume for each fermion is boson
and for each boson is super boson so you can bridge world of boson s and fermion
Fermions are the bricks of matter
Bosons are the carriers of forces
So therefore, ALL particles are related
If they exist (super particles) then they are very heavy
DARK MATTER IS ABOUT 20%
73% OF DARK ENERGY
SO THERE ARE 3 COMPONENTS OF THE UNIVERSE:
WHAT WE KNOW = DARK MATTTER OR DARK ENERGY
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
DARK MATTER IS LESS AND DARK ENERGY IS MOST
DARK ENERGY IS CONSIDERED ABOUT 70% of universe
WHAT WE SEE IS 4%
Increasing acceleration in the last 6 billlion years
During big bang there is radiative universe
Then we go to material universe and initial explosion gives certain acceleration to the galaxies
In the last 6 billion years, this acceleration has increased which is COUNTER to intuition
When galaxies expand we would expect gravitational force between galaxies to act as a break
but NO in the laast 6 billion years, something pushed even more with more force and dark
energy was invented with this requirement in which it MUST push things away
Vaccum has this quality (which is against our intuition)
Energy of the vaccum is dark energy
Pure vaccum exists has increased a lot so it makes sense to have a vacuum related extra force in
the universe
But what is surprising is to say that THIS is 70% of the universe and what we see is 4%
Einstein believed universe is stationary but his equation showed an expanding or contracting
universe and
And work of hubble 10 years later, eiinstein said that ws his biggest mistake ever
So his constant was NOT needed
Einsteins general relativity cannot explain how big bang appears
It cant show that there is a singularity in the universe
It cannot go past the big bang
IDEALLY any good cosmology should have einsteins general relativity as a byproduct and
subtheory
M theory was shown by Edward witten to be super theory from where the five string theories
were derived
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find more resources at oneclass.com
It has five dimensions and super string theory has 10 dimensinos
SUPERSTRINGS:
Our universe is not closed so we know this would not happen
Superstrings would explain why 3 out of 10 dimesnsinos can expand and time is the FOURTH
one
Superstrings can also explain how quantum fluctuations can expand
In cosmology we have a
All these ideas are statistical expansion of the same principle
So mathematically you can say these quantum kicks can amplify and very quickly explode
Allen guth inflation during big bang is like taking a 10 cent coin and in a fraction of a second
expanding that to 10 million times bigger than our galaxy
→ this is beyond speed of light (which is maximum speed of particles) but space time can grow
quicker so only possible with spacetime
another thing that is in attraction to m theory cosmology we get an explanation why
gravitational force is so weak compared to other universe forces by 30 orders of magnitude
weaker than nuclear forces and electromagnetic forces
it is so weak because it is LOST in the fifth macro dimension or 11th dimension
macro dimension is inside the bubble and it is also the dimension which is between our bubble
and the next bubble . every thing is on surface of bubble and only thing outside the bubble is
gravitational attraction.
According to m theory cosmology, big bang happens when the composition of the universe is
almost 100% dark energy
Right now we are at 70% so it will take about 1 trillion years for the universe to get rid of stars
and galaxies and have everything just dark energy but electrons cannot be destroyed so they
will remain
In this situation universe is predominantly dark energy, there will be QUANTUM WRINKLES and
the surface of the lines of the two universe will be WAVY.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
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NATS 1740 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
We know there are over 100 billion visible galaxies because of the deep hubble. Mass of galaxy is several times bigger than mass of stars. So the mass of our galaxy, 5% is coming from dark clouds and molecules of all clouds and it is invisible matter. Contribution of galactic masses to mass of whole universe. Per cm2 400 neutrinos go through skin at speed of light. Neutrinos have 25 electron volts and tere are so many that their mass in theh universe is 19x bigger than all the mass of s tars. Neutrinos go through everything at speed of light and aare very heavy. The idea of putting bosons and formions together and you assume for each fermion is boson and for each boson is super boson so you can bridge world of boson s and fermion. If they exist (super particles) then they are very heavy. So there are 3 components of the universe:
