CAS PS 222 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Vocal Folds, Speech Perception, Phoneme
18 May 2018
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Perception of speech is dependent on how speech is produced and how we segment it as a
listener.
There is a lot of variability in incoming speech.
Speech production: Components of speech:
- Each word is made up on Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning in a language. These
are the pieces we would typically extract to make sense of the word said. Morphemes are
made up of even smaller segments called Phonemes: The smallest units of sound in a
language.
- In order to understand speech, we need to correctly hear the phonemes.
- Our task as speech perceivers is to extract phonemes from the incoming sound.
- It is the fundamental unit of speech perception: Phonemes.
Phonemes:
- Correspond to produced speech sounds
- All languages have different or some amount of overlapped phonemes
- Phonemes are the smallest unit
- There is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence of alphabets and the phonemes
- Change in phonemes could potentially change the meaning of the world, it could change
the morphemes.
- Phonemes are characterized primarily by the manner in which the sounds are produced.
That’s h he e talk aout phoees its aout ho the soud is podued
humans.
Speech production system:
- Change shape of pharynx by lifting uvula to block of nasal cavity, change shape of oral
cavity by changing tongue/ jaw/lip position – Changes timbre or quality of sound. Imaging
the podutio of souds like ooo ad aah sipl hagig the shapes of the lips.
- The pitch, the loudness and the timbre of the sound
- Air from the lungs is what controls the volume or the amplitude of the sound
- You can control the loudness of your voice by simply changing the amount of air that is
flowing through your lungs. It is not the only way.
- Loude souds euie oe ai pessue fo the lugs ad that’s ho e hage the
volume.
- We change the pitch by changing the tension of the vocal folds. How closed or open the
vocal folds are impacts the pitch of the sound. More closed vocal folds produce higher
pitches as compared to more open ones which produces lower a pitch. Vocal fold vibrates
when closed and that changes the pitch (higher).
- If e just had the lugs ad the oal folds ad e did’t hae a head, e ould asially
be a sound producing tube. But you can only produce one type of waveform.
- Everything else in our head affects the quality of the sound we produce.
How we produce different kind of speech sounds?
Vowel Production
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Document Summary
Perception of speech is dependent on how speech is produced and how we segment it as a listener. There is a lot of variability in incoming speech. Each word is made up on morphemes: the smallest units of meaning in a language. These are the pieces we would typically extract to make sense of the word said. Morphemes are made up of even smaller segments called phonemes: the smallest units of sound in a language. In order to understand speech, we need to correctly hear the phonemes. Our task as speech perceivers is to extract phonemes from the incoming sound. It is the fundamental unit of speech perception: phonemes. All languages have different or some amount of overlapped phonemes. There is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence of alphabets and the phonemes. Change in phonemes could potentially change the meaning of the world, it could change the morphemes. Phonemes are characterized primarily by the manner in which the sounds are produced.
