SAR HS 325 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Fraternities And Sororities, Temporality, Social Capital
1 May 2018
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POVERTY AND RELATION TO HEALTH
Absolute Poverty – when an individual is living on less than USD $1.90 per day
• MDG cut the 1990 poverty rate in half by 2010
• Statistics:
o 1990 – 35% - 1.85 billion
o 2012 – 12.4% - 881 million
o 2013 – 10.7% - 767 million
Relative Poverty – when an individual has the minimum amount of income needed in order to
maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live
• Essentially the minimum amount of money an individual needs in order to meet basic
needs daily and yearly
• Can increase/decrease between populations and regions of the countries
Mapping Poverty – extreme poverty is most centralized in Africa and Southeast Asia
• Why does our map look like this?
Inequality
• GINI Coefficient/Index – a way to think about income distribution within a country
o The gap between the upper, middle, and lower classes
o Deals with Income Distribution – how many people are in the upper, middle and
lower classes
• Trends:
o A higher GINI Coefficient means that a country has more income inequality
▪ A smaller percentage of population has income distributed amongst
themselves (ex. 1%)
o A lower GINI Coefficient means that a country has more income equality
▪ A larger percentage of population has income distributed amongst
themselves
Social Determinants of Health
• Social Determinants – social, behavioral and cultural factors that determine an
individual’s health
o Can Include: social status, culture, environment, educational attainment, health
care access, government policy, health behaviors, income level
• 4 Main Buckets: Individual, Interpersonal, Community, Societal
o Individual – solely yourself
▪ Factors: FINISH NOTES, socioeconomic status
o Interpersonal – family and friends
▪ Factors: support from these people, what relationship do you have with
those, interactions with healthcare facilities/workers, socioeconomic status
o Community – peers, sorority, clubs, athletic teams
▪ Factors: gender/cultural norms, availability/accessibility of health
facilities, community support
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Societal – social norms, governmental
▪ Factors: public housing, SNAP benefits, living/working conditions,
various policies, educational system, communication/transportation
infrastructure
Progress PLUS Model – a way to think about these disparities
• Acronym:
o P – place of residence
o R – race/ethnicity
o O – occupation
o G – gender
o R – religion
o E – education
o S – social capital
o S - socioeconomic position
o PLUS – age, disability, social orientation, other vulnerable groups
• How does this model help us think about health disparities and how can the field of
public health seek to eliminate these disparities?
How Socioeconomic Status (SES) Impacts Health
• Educational Opportunities
• Education for Women
• Occupational Expenses
• Access to Goods and Services
• Exposure to High-Risk Behaviors
• Environmental Conditions
• Living Conditions
Thinking About Causality
• The basis for thinking about public health problems
• 5 Factors:
o 1. Strength of Association – the higher/lower someone is at risk the higher/lower
the association for when x causes y (ex: obesity places individuals at a higher risk
of type 2 diabetes)
o 2. Biological Plausibility – the basis in scientific theory that supports the
relationship between the cause and the effect (ex: scientific evidence that obesity
can put you at high risk for type 2 diabetes)
o 3. Exposure Removal – FINISH
o 4. Dose-Response Effect – the higher/lower the dose the higher/lower the
response (ex: the more overweight you are the more likely you are to become a
type 2 diabetic)
o 5. Temporality – the exposure must occur before the disease appears (ex: you
cannot have symptoms of Smallpox or be diagnosed until you are exposed to it)
Causal Webs
• Helps map out obvious and not-so-obvious causes for a certain disease
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
1%: a lower gini coefficient means that a country has more income equality, a larger percentage of population has income distributed amongst themselves. How socioeconomic status (ses) impacts health: educational opportunities, education for women, occupational expenses, access to goods and services, exposure to high-risk behaviors, environmental conditions, living conditions. Thinking about causality: the basis for thinking about public health problems, 5 factors, 1. Strength of association the higher/lower someone is at risk the higher/lower the association for when x causes y (ex: obesity places individuals at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes: 2. Biological plausibility the basis in scientific theory that supports the relationship between the cause and the effect (ex: scientific evidence that obesity can put you at high risk for type 2 diabetes: 3. Dose-response effect the higher/lower the dose the higher/lower the response (ex: the more overweight you are the more likely you are to become a type 2 diabetic: 5.
