BIO* - Biology BIO* M121 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Ichthyostega, Endoskeleton, Tetrapod
9 Jun 2020
School
Department
Course
Professor
Document Summary
Cells are scattered in a gelatinous matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers. Bands of fibrous ct (primarily collagen) connect skeletal muscles to. Cells have a hard ecm with calcium phosphate (capo4) and small amounts of calcium carbonate and protein fibers. Bands of fibrous ct (primarily collagen) bind bones to other bones. Since bones are rigid and cannot change shape themselves, they articulate at joints that make specific types of movement possible, such as the swiveling and hinging shown here. Endoskeletons move by contraction and relaxation of flexor and extensor muscles. Flexor muscles pull bones closer together, while extensor muscles increase the angle of a joint. Locomotion is movement relative to the environment, and requires the transmission of muscle forces to the land, water, or air surrounding the animal. Movement of an animal under its own power enables animals to seek food, shelter, etc. Locomotion is studied at many different levels, including material properties, forces, energetics, and ecology and evolution.
