PSY 322 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Reinforcement, Motivation, Prefrontal Cortex
Document Summary
Parents/caregivers can be very influential in a child"s social-emotional development. Parenting styles shape children: may lead to psychopathology or outgoing and caring children. Baumrind conducted a study on parenting styles with 100 preschool children 50 years ago. Found that parenting styles differ on 4 dimensions: expression of warmth, strategies for parenting, communication, expectations. Based on these ideas she developed 3 parenting styles. Other researchers proposed a fourth parenting style neglectful/uninvolved. Effects of these parenting styles has been widely researched across the world: authoritarian. Sample problems: not diverse, only looked at parent attitude, not action, did not recognize that authoritarian parents can be affectionate and permissive parents can provide guidance. Failed to look at child temperament: different parenting styles are required for children with different temperaments, which ultimately affects outcomes of parenting styles. At 8 weeks sex organs and sex hormones develop. During early childhood, gender preferences and patterns begin and become more rigid around age 3-6.
