ECON-2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Government Spending, Balanced Budget, Government Debt

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29 Jun 2016

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Deficit when government spending is greater than revenue (taxation) usually within a specific frame time (year) Debt the sum of all deficits (minus any surpluses) Surplus government revenue greater than revenue spending. Balanced budget government revenue = government spending. Fiscal policy deliberate changes in government spending and/or taxation in order to: Fiscal policy: create economic growth, control inflation, achieve full-employment. Goal is to shift ad to the right. Causes surplus: recognition lag: time between when a problem starts and when it"s realized, administration lag: time it takes to develop a solution, operation lag: time it takes for solutions to have an impact.

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Fiscal policy is carried out primarily by

A) the Federal government.

B) state and local governments working together.

C) state governments alone.

D) local governments alone.

Fiscal policy refers to the:

A) manipulation of government spending and taxes to stabilize domestic output, employment, and the price level.

B) manipulation of government spending and taxes to achieve greater equality in the distribution of income.

C) altering the interest rate to change aggregate demand.

D) fact that equal increases in government spending and taxation will be contractionary.

Expansionary fiscal policy is so named because it:

A) involves an expansion of the nation's money supply.

B) necessarily expands the size of government.

C) is aimed at achieving greater price stability.

D) is designed to expand real GDP.

An appropriate fiscal policy for severe demand-pull inflation is:

A) an increase in government spending.

B) depreciation of the dollar.

C) a reduction in interest rates.

D) a tax rate increase.

29. The amount by which government expenditures exceed revenues during a particular year is the:

A) public debt.

B) budget deficit.

C) full-employment.

D) GDP gap.

30. If actual GDP is greater than potential GDP, we have

A) a negative GDP gap

B) a positive GDP gap

C) minimum GDP gap

D) maximum GDP gap

31. Money functions as:

A) a store of value.

B) a unit of account.

C) a medium of exchange

D) all of the choices

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You hear on the nightly news that the president has vowed to decrease the nation's debt. Both the government and private citizens will have to buckle down and learn to do without, he says.

In order to reduce its debt, a nation must:

A.	run lower deficits.
B.	decrease tax rates.
C.	run lower surpluses.
D.	increase in government spending.

Debt reduction will result in:

A.	more public works projects, higher transfer payments, and more money available for households to spend.
B.	fewer public works projects, higher transfer payments, and more money available for households to spend.
C.	more public works projects, lower transfer payments, and less money available for households to spend.
D.	fewer public works projects, lower transfer payments, and less money available for households to spend.

A friend of yours looks at the state of the U.S. debt in 2011 and tells you, Since the debt is so high, we must be running an incredibly large deficit every year. Your friend's analysis is:

A.	not valid, because the debt is always changing even when deficits are the same.
B.	not valid, because the debt can be high even when the deficit for an individual year is small.
C.	valid, because the debt is always changing even when deficits are the same.
D.	valid, because the public debt is the sum of all deficits and surpluses run by the government over time and can be high even when the deficit for an individual year is small.

Assume that the government in some nations intended to respond to low employment via fiscal policy.

a. What type of policy would this require?

A.	A contractionary fiscal policy designed to decrease the aggregate demand curve.
B.	An expansionary fiscal policy designed to decrease the aggregate demand curve.
C.	An expansionary fiscal policy designed to increase the aggregate demand curve.
D.	A contractionary fiscal policy designed to increase the aggregate demand curve.

b. Assume that this policy ended up having an undesirable outcome. How could this happen in terms of formulation and implementation lags?

A.	This could happen if the implementation lag exceeded the formulation lag.
B.	This could happen if the formulation lag exceeded the implementation lag.
C.	This could happen if the formulation lag and the implementation lag exceeded the expansion.
D.	This could happen if the formulation lag and the implementation lag exceeded the recession.

Econo Nation started 2008 with no national budget debt or surplus. By the end of 2008, it had a budget surplus of $286 million; in 2009, it had a budget deficit of $-425 million; in 2010, it had a budget surplus of $100 million, and the amount of its budget deficit or surplus in 2011 is unknown. If at the end of 2011 Econo Nation's national debt totalled $52 million, determine the deficit or surplus in 2011.

Instructions: Enter your answer as a whole number and include a negative sign if there is a deficit.

Period	Deficit (-) or surplus (+)
Beginning of 2008	$0
End of 2008	$286 million
2009	$-425 million
2010	$100 million
End of 2011	_______ million

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5 Multiple choice questions... please answer all of them.

15.

The accumulation of years of spending more money than is collected in revenues over several years creates a budget (5 points)

	debt
	deficit
	surplus
	reversal

16.

How does the U.S. government promote economic growth? (5 points)

	By decreasing taxes and decreasing spending
	By decreasing taxes and increasing spending
	By increasing taxes and decreasing spending
	By increasing taxes and increasing spending

17.

The country of Lilliput has low unemployment and high consumer spending, and small businesses are thriving. However, prices are starting to rise throughout the economy. What should Lilliput's government do to prevent inflation from happening? (5 points)

	Lower the income tax, which gives citizens less money to spend, and buy services from civilian-owned businesses, which creates more jobs.
	Lower the income tax, which gives citizens more money to spend, and buy more services from civilian-owned businesses, which creates more jobs.
	Raise the income tax, which gives citizens less money to spend, and stop buying services from civilian-owned businesses, which eliminates jobs.
	Raise the income tax, which gives citizens less money to spend, and buy more services from civilian-owned businesses, which creates more jobs.

18.

The government increases taxes. What might be a reason for this change in fiscal policy? (5 points)

	A deficit due to improving nationwide public transportation
	A deficit due to more monies flowing in from investors
	A surplus due to greater amounts of income from exports
	A surplus due to more government spending on building roads

19.

Which of these is required to balance the budget for the year? (5 points)

	Revenue equal to spending
	Revenue greater than spending
	Revenue less than spending
	No national debt

ECON-2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Government Spending, Balanced Budget, Government Debt

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