PSYC 305 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Porthole, Image Scaling, Image Scanner
• Mental Imagery
• Synesthesia
• Artificial Intelligence
Mental Imagery “a mental representation of a non-present object or event”
• Historical overview
• Imagery and cognitive psychology
• Cognitive neuroscience evidence
• Cognitive maps
Imagery and cognitive psychology
• Do we “see” when an item is not being viewed?
• Do we “hear”, “taste”, “feel”, “smell”
• Real perception vs. images—brain differences?
• How do we track objects?
Some of the Players
• Paivio
• Shepard; Shepard & Metzler
• Kosslyn
• Farah
• Pinker
• Pylyshyn
• http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/pylyshyn.html
Two-Ways to study imagery
• Find tasks for which people use imagery spontaneously
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
− Shepard and mental rotation
▪ RT correlated with degree of rotation
▪ Right posterior parietal
• Ask individuals to manipulate images in different ways
− Kosslyn
Imagery Hypotheses
• Dual-coding (Paivio)
• Conceptual-propositional (Anderson, Bower)
• Functional-equivalency (Shepard, Kosslyn)
• Visual vs. spatial (Farah)
Paivio
• The mental clock test (Paivio,1978)
• Subjects are asked to imagine pairs of times that are presented acoustically and to judge
at which of the two times the clock hands form the greater angle.
• Conceptual-Propositional
• Cab on left
• Window at top of cab
• Trailer from back of cab to far right
• Wheel at lower left of cab
• Light above cab
Kosslyn
• Image scanning
− Assumption--Mental images can be scanned like physical percepts can be
scanned
− To test--measure how long it takes participants to scan a mental image
− Objects
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
− maps
• Image scaling
− Assumption--Zoom in, zoom out
− To test—measure how long it takes to respond to relative size of an object
• Mental scanning “focus on one end of object imagined”
scan from stern to bow longer than scan from porthole to bow
Experiment to test imaginal scanning
• Shown a map of an imaginary island with landmarks
• Studied until could reproduce from memory
• Critical phase
− Hear name of an object (tree)
− Picture map, mentally scan directly to object and press a key when have arrived
at object
− Hear name of second object, scan to that object’s location
− Measured RT
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Mental imagery a mental representation of a non-present object or event . Imagery and cognitive psychology: historical overview, cognitive neuroscience evidence, cognitive maps. Some of the players: paivio, shepard; shepard & metzler, kosslyn, farah, pinker, pylyshyn, http://ruccs. rutgers. edu/faculty/pylyshyn. html. Two-ways to study imagery: find tasks for which people use imagery spontaneously. Shepard and mental rotation: rt correlated with degree of rotation, right posterior parietal, ask individuals to manipulate images in different ways. Imagery hypotheses: dual-coding (paivio, conceptual-propositional (anderson, bower, functional-equivalency (shepard, kosslyn, visual vs. spatial (farah) Assumption--mental images can be scanned like physical percepts can be scanned. To test--measure how long it takes participants to scan a mental image. To test measure how long it takes to respond to relative size of an object: mental scanning focus on one end of object imagined scan from stern to bow longer than scan from porthole to bow.
