BIO 264 Lecture Notes - Lecture 30: Smooth Muscle Tissue, Inferior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Circulation

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18 Jun 2018

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Neurotransmitter Review

Neurotransmitters are made in the neuron cell cell body or axon terminal and packed into

synaptic vesicles

Released from axon terminals of presynaptic neurons, cross synaptic cleft, bind to receptors on

postsynaptic membrane

Effects are terminated through removing/degrading

Type of receptor a neurotransmitter binds to determines response

Ionotropic receptors: ligand gated, control movement of ions in/out neuron

Metabotropic receptors: found within plasma membrane associated with a separate ion

channels, directly connected to metabolic processes that are initiated when neurotransmitter

binds

Neurotransmitters binding either leads to EPSP or IPSP

-Most can do both just depending on receptor

ACh- “cholinergic” (response to ACh)

-Mostly either Muscarinic or nicotinic

-Almost always excitatory

Amine:

-Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

-Serotonin

-Histomeme

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters:

Glycine: major inhibitory neurotransmitter of PNS, IPSP

Glutamate: major excitatory neurotransmitter in cNS, generate EPSP

GABA: major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, generate IPSP

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter:

Substance P → pain and temp perception

Opioids: pain control/relief and depression of CNS

Neuropeptide Y → feeding behaviors/feeling full

ACH

1. Nicotinic receptors- postganglionic neurons

2. Mus

Adrenergic receptors- bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine

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1. Alpha

a. Alpha 1: smooth muscle, blood vessels, skin, GI tract, kidneys

b. Alpha 2: preganglionic sympathetic neurons (not target cells)

2. Beta

a. Beta 1: cardiac, kidney, adipose

b. Beta 2: smooth muscles, urinary bladder, skeletal muscle fibers, salivary glands

c. Beta 3: adipose, smooth muscle cell walls

Alpha 2:

1. AP → ACh release

2. Norepinephrine binds to alpha 2, hyperpolarizes to cancel AP

3. When hyperpolarized, the action potential decreases (i.e. -70 → -85 mV)

Norepinephrine

Cardiac Muscle Effect

Beta 1:

-Increases rate/force of muscles

-Ion channels open

-Amount of blood delivered increases

-Blood pressure increases

Smooth Muscle Effect

Alpha 1:

-Constriction of blood vessels

-Decrease blood flow

Beta 2:

-Relaxes airways, allows more oxygen

Sympathetic Nervous System

Adrenal Medulla: composed of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons

-ACh binds

-Release epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into blood stream

Enhances mental alertness

Adrenaline rush

Increase tendency to clot

Goosebumps

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Both pre and postganglionic release ACH

1. Nicotinic

2. Muscarinic

Cardiac:

-Decreases heart rate and blood pressure

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-Vagus Nerve/CN X

Smooth Muscle

-Constriction of pupil

-Constriction of bronchioles/smooth muscle lining, reduce airflow

-Contraction of muscle lining digestive tract

ANS Overview:

Dual Innervation: both para and sympathetic innervate same organs

-Dominance switches depending on needs

Exceptions: sweat glands, blood vessels, errector pili muscles, adrenal medulla (only

sympathetic)

Hypothalamus = homeostasis

Autonomic centers:

1. Reticular formation

2. Contact hypothalamus

3. Contain neurons

Autonomic tone: neither division is completely shut down

-Sympathetic tone: dominates in blood vessels, partially constricted

-Parasympathetic tone: dominates in heart, keeps average beat

Cardiovascular System

Consists of

1. Heart: pumps blood

-faster/more force = higher blood pressure

2. Blood vessels: distribute blood

3. Blood

Arterial System: delivering blood to body from lungs

-Also nutrients/waste products

Venous System: returns deoxygenated blood to lungs

-Transport system

Heart Chambers:

-2 atrium: receive venous blood

-Ventricles: eject blood

Apex: points down on left side

Base:

Superior and and inferior vena cava drain into right atrium

-SVC and IVC carry deoxygenated blood

One way valves between atria and ventricles

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Document Summary

Neurotransmitters are made in the neuron cell cell body or axon terminal and packed into synaptic vesicles. Released from axon terminals of presynaptic neurons, cross synaptic cleft, bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane. Type of receptor a neurotransmitter binds to determines response. Ionotropic receptors: ligand gated, control movement of ions in/out neuron. Metabotropic receptors: found within plasma membrane associated with a separate ion channels, directly connected to metabolic processes that are initiated when neurotransmitter binds. Neurotransmitters binding either leads to epsp or ipsp. Most can do both just depending on receptor. Glutamate: major excitatory neurotransmitter in cns, generate epsp. Gaba: major inhibitory neurotransmitter in cns, generate ipsp. Alpha 2: ap ach release, norepinephrine binds to alpha 2, hyperpolarizes to cancel ap, when hyperpolarized, the action potential decreases (i. e. -70 -85 mv) Adrenal medulla: composed of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Release epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into blood stream. Both pre and postganglionic release ach: nicotinic, muscarinic.

Related Questions

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a drug that blocks voltage-gated potassium channels. What effect would this have on an action potential?

(a)Prevent the rising phase

(b)Prevent the cell from reaching the threshold to trigger an action potential

(c)Prevent or prolong the falling phase

(d)None of the above

The hyperpolarization phase of the action potential is due to:

(a)The opening of voltage-gated Cl- channels

(b)Prolonged opening of voltage gated K+ channels

(c)The closure of resting Na+ channels

(d)Rapid inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels

The period when it is difficult to initiate another action potential for several milliseconds due to voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation is referred to as the:

(a)Relative refractory period

(b)Absolute refractory period

(c)Resting period

(d)Hyperpolarization period

In the human central nervous system, Gap junctions are found:

(a)Only between neurons

(b)Only between astrocytes

(c)In both neurons and astrocytes

(d)In all cells

Small molecule transmitters such as acetylcholine are synthesized in:

(a)The nerve terminal

B) The cell body and transported to the nerve terminal

C) Synaptic vesicles

D) Endoplasmic reticulum

Prior to Otto Loewiâs classical experiment, which of the following was not known:

(a)stimulation of the vagus nerve slows the heart

(b)extracts of frog heart, made following vagal nerve stimulation, slow the heart

(c)some acetylcholine effects are similar to those produced by muscarine

(d)vagal nerve stimulation releases a substance which slows the heart

Which of the following is most important in determining if neurotransmission is excitatory or inhibitory?

(a)The structure of the synapse

(b)The neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron

(c)The neurotransmitter receptor

(d)The strength of the stimulus

Benzodiazepines such as Valium allosterically regulate GABA receptors by:

(a)Binding at receptor sites other than the transmitter binding site

(b)Binding at the transmitter (GABA) binding site on the receptor

(c)Blocking the action of the endogenous transmitter

(d)Mimicking the action of the endogenous transmitter

GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated Cl- channels. The equilibrium potential of Cl- is -65 mV. At the neuronal resting membrane potential of -65 mV, GABA binding to the GABA-A receptor would result in the opening the Cl- channel, resulting in:

(a)no net flow of Cl- ions

(b)Cl- inflow and hyperpolarization

(c)Cl- outflow and depolarization

(d)Cl- outflow and hyperpolarization

At the mammalian neuromuscular junction, the released neurotransmitter acts on:

(a)muscarinic receptors

(b)nicotinic receptors

(c)adrenergic receptors

(d)Beta receptors

Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles by:

(a)endocytosis following transmitter release

(b)presynaptic membrane transporters

(c)vesicular transporters

(d)all of the above

. Which of the following are NOT types of ion channels?

Voltage-gated

(a)Ligand-gated

(b)G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-gated

(c)Leak channels

(d)NONE of the above

NMDA receptors are unique in that their ion channel is:

(a)Ligand-gated

(b)Voltage-gated

(c)Ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels

(d)GPCR-gated

. Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding Catecholamine neurotransmitters

(a)Includes Dopamine, Norepinerphrine, and Epinephrine

(b)Contain a Catechol Ring

(c)Synthesized from Tryptophan

(d)Are produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the upper brainstem

The largest and most diverse group of receptors in eukaryotes is:

(a)Ligand gated receptors

(b)Glutamate receptors

(c)G-Protein coupled receptors

(d)Allosteric receptors

The most abundant G-protein coupled receptor in the brain is:

(a)Glutamate receptors

(b)Acetylcholine receptors

(c)Cannabinoid receptors

(d)Dopamine receptors

Which of the following drugs DOES NOT block voltage-gated Na+ channels

(a)Lidocaine

(b)Riluzole

(c)Reserpine

(d)Tetrodotoxin

Sarin, a nerve gas, exerts its toxicity by:

(a)blocking nicotinic receptors

(b)inhibiting choline acetyltransferase

(c)inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

(d)inhibiting voltage-gated Na+ channels

Botulinum Toxin (BoTox) interferes with transmitter release by:

(a)cleaving protein(s) involved in transmitter release

(b)blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

(c)blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels

(d)blocking voltage-gated K+ channels

Atropine is:

(a)An agonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

(b)An antagonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

(c)An agonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

(d)An antagonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

The junction specialized for the transmission between a neuron and another cell is called a (1) _____ ______. Usually, the signal being sent to the receiving cell is carried by chemical messengers called (2) _____. (3) _____ is an example of this type of chemical messenger, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, combines with protein receptor molecules on the muscle cell membrane, and soon thereafter is rapidly broken down by enzymes. At an (4) ____ synapse, the membrane potential is driven toward the threshold value and increases the likelihood that depolarization and an action potential will occur. At an (5) ____ synapse, the membrane potential is driven away form the threshold value, and the receiving neuron becomes hyperpolarized and is less likely to achieve an action potential. A specific transmitter substance can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which type of protein channel it opens up in the (6) ____ membrane. (7) ____ are neuromodulators that inhibit perceptions of pain and may have roles in memory and learning, emotional states, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior. (8) ____ ________ at the cellular level is the moment-by-moment tallying of all excitatory and inhibitory signals acting on a neuron. Incoming information is (9) ____ by the cell bodies, and the charge differences across the membranes are either enhanced or inhibited. Some narrow-diameter neurons are wrapped in lipid-rich (10) _______ produced by specialized neuroglial called Schwann cells; each of these is separated from the next by a(n) (11) ________ ________ - a small gap where the axon is exposed to extracellular fluid. A (12) ____ is an involuntary sequence of events elicited by a stimulus. During a (13) _______ ________, a muscle contracts involuntary whenever conditions cause a stretch in length; many of these help you maintain an upright posture despite small shifts in balance. Imbalances can occur at chemical synapses; a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani blocks the release of GABA and glycine, thus freeing the motor neurons from (14) _____ control, which may cause tetanus â a prolonged, spastic paralysis that can lead to death. A. Excitatory H. Stretch reflex B. Inhibitory I. Summed C. Myelin J. Neurotransmitters D. Chemical synapse K. Postsynaptic E. Synaptic integration L. Endorphins F. Exposed node M. Acetylcholine (ACh)

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BIO 264 Lecture Notes - Lecture 30: Smooth Muscle Tissue, Inferior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Circulation

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