BSC 1010 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Last Universal Common Ancestor, Unsaturated Fat, Trans Fat
FIRST SEMESTER
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Observations
• Curiosity
• Determines whether the question has an answer
Control variable: all variables except one – independent variable
Dependent variable: what’s being measured – changes during the experiment. Y-axis
Independent variable: x-axis
EVOLUTION
Evolution: change of a species over time
Darwin lived in a time when scientific views were changing: biologists saying that species had
changed over time, and geologists saying that the world is ancient and has changed over time.
By finding fossils, Darwin realized that species have changed over time
Hutton and Lyell concluded that Earth is really old and that the processes that changed Earth in
the past are the same ones that are changing Earth now
Hutton and Lyell: layers of rock were bent and folded by forces under Earth’s surface
sometimes to become mountains and valleys, Earth’s natural forces then turned Earth into how
we see it now
Uniformitarianism- says that the laws of nature are constant so the laws of nature we see
today are the same as in the past.
Lamarck: organisms could change during their lifetime by using or not using a body part, and
these changes could be passed on through offspring (not true), and that all organisms have the
inborn urge to become more complex and perfect. (Not true, evolution doesn’t go in a
predetermined way)
Mathus: human population was growing and this could lead to there not being enough living
space or food, and the forces against human life are: disease, war, and famine
Artificial Selection: nature provides the variations and humans select ones they find more
useful.
Natural variation provided the raw material for evolution
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Darwin moved forward with his writing because Wallace’s essay was a lot like his
The struggle for existence - more individuals are produced than can survive
Adaptation- a heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability and chance to survive
and reproduce in its environment, can be a body part, physiological function, or a behavior
Fitness- how well an organism can survive in an environment, at that time
Natural Selection- the process where organisms that can survive the best in a certain
environment because of adaptations, survive and reproduce, environment decides fitness
Survival of the Fittest- the difference in rates or survival and reproduction
Living species are descent with modification from one ancient common ancestor
PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS AND ENZYMES
Nucleotide: consists of a nitrogen base
• Either a double ring or a single ring
ATP: energy by cell
• Glucose → H2O, ATP, or CO2
• Used as building blocks for DNA and RNA
• AA1+AA2→AA1-AA2
o ATP – molecule that gives energy to do this
Proteins
1. Enzymes: cause reactions
2. Structure: i.e. in the cell we have microtubules that keep the cell’s structure – made of
proteins
3. Cell membranes: receptors, active transport – get things in and out of cells
4. Muscle contraction
Amino Acids make up proteins
• Amino acid group – carboxyl – COOH
• Amino acid group – nitrogen + 2 hydrogen – NH2
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• The simplest R-group is hydrogen – for most proteins there are only 20 commonly
known amino acids
The two Amino Acids are formed by a peptide bond and
the dehydration synthesis occurs
Primary structure: order of the Amino Acids in the protein – determined by genes
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Denature: to permanently change the shape of the protein by a change in temperature,
pressure, pH, ion concentration, or dehydration
Lock and Key structure: Substrate – enzymes fit in active site
• Induced fit: enzymes change to fit to make reactions occur
LIPIDS
Fats, oils, waxes
Not soluble in water
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Scientific method: observations, curiosity, determines whether the question has an answer. Control variable: all variables except one independent variable. Dependent variable: what"s being measured changes during the experiment. Darwin lived in a time when scientific views were changing: biologists saying that species had changed over time, and geologists saying that the world is ancient and has changed over time. By finding fossils, darwin realized that species have changed over time. Hutton and lyell concluded that earth is really old and that the processes that changed earth in the past are the same ones that are changing earth now. Hutton and lyell: layers of rock were bent and folded by forces under earth"s surface sometimes to become mountains and valleys, earth"s natural forces then turned earth into how we see it now. Uniformitarianism- says that the laws of nature are constant so the laws of nature we see today are the same as in the past.
