WOH 2001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, African Nationalism, Turkish Language
• Why did the South African government finally end apartheid?
o Increase in protests and strikes among the black South African
population
o Mounting international demands to end apartheid
o South Africa became isolated from the Western world
o The United States and others threatened embargos
o Began to discuss with African nationalist leaders
o Abandoned apartheid policies, Nelson Mandela was released from
prison, the ANC was legalized, process of negotiations
o Led to national elections in 1994 where the ANC won
o Apartheid was over without a racial bloodbath
• How was South Africa similar to and different from India after both had
reached independence?
• How did Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Turkey) respond to modernity? Sought to
transform his country into a modern, secular, and national state
o Wanted to enter European civilization completely
o Exchanged the Arabic script of the Turkish language for a new
Western-style alphabet
o Forced men to wear brimmed hats instead of the fez
• To what extent did )slam play a role in Ataturk’s Turkey?
o Wanted to remove Islam from public life
o Ended the direct political role of Islam
o Deposed the old sultan
o Abolished the caliphate
o Closed various Sufi organizations, sacred tombs, and religious schools
o Abolished religious titles
o Dissolved Islamic courts
o Replaced the sharia with secular law codes
• (ow did Ataturk extend women’s rights?
o Many elite women abandoned the veil (though it was not forbidden)
o Abolished polygamy
o Granted women equal rights in divorce, inheritance, and child custody
o 1934- Turkish women gained the right to vote and hold public office
o Opened public beaches to women
o )f henceforward the women do not share in the social life of the
nation, we shall never attain to our full development. We shall remain
irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the
civilizations of the West. Ataturk
• What did the Shah do for Iran?
o A successful modernization movement
o Great wealth in oil, a powerful military, a well-educated elite, and a
solid alliance with the United States
o Redistributed land to many of )ran’s peasants
o Granted women the right to vote
o Invested substantially in rural health care and education
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
